Christianity
by Derek Gerlach

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6 BC Jesus born in Bethlehem
According to the Gospel account, Jesus Christ is born in Bethlehem two years before the death of Herod the Great - making the date 6 BC

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
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4 BC Massacre of infants in Bethlehem?
Herod, according to the Gospel account, orders all newly born infants in Bethlehem to be killed

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_2:16
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20 Well-connected Jewish boy in Tarsus
Saul of Tarsus, later known as St Paul, has a Greek-speaking Jewish father who is a Roman citizen

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle
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29 Jesus preaches in Galilee
Jesus begins his ministry in Galilee, gathering disciples, preaching and healing

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus
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31 Jesus rides into Jerusalem
Jesus rides into Jerusalem with a crowd of followers, then attacks the traders in the courtyard of the Temple

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Christ_Driving_the_Traders_from_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
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31 Last Supper
Jesus, at the Last Supper, associates the bread and wine with his own body and blood, establishing the sacrament of the Eucharist

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist
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31 Jesus before Pontius Pilate
Jesus is brought before Pontius Pilate who reluctantly sentences him to death for blasphemy

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas
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31 Jesus crucified
Jesus Christ is crucified, according to the accounts of his followers, outside the city wall of Jerusalem

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion
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31 Peter leads Christians in Jerusalem
Peter becomes the leader of the small community of Christians in Jerusalem

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century
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35 Stephen stoned to death
Stephen is stoned outside the city wall of Jerusalem - the first Christian martyr

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen
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35 Saul sees light on road
On the road to Damascus, where he intends to persecute the Christians, Saul sees a blinding light

  Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle
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48 Paul goes on his travels
St Paul, taking ship to Cyprus, begins the first of his great missionary journeys

  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mark
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48 Paul turns Gentiles into Christians
St Paul, on his travels within the Roman empire, begins converting non-Jews (or Gentiles) to the new Christian faith

  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Jewish_Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile
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50 Paul's first epistle
The Thessalonians receive the first of Paul's epistles - the earliest text in the New Testament, written in Greek

  Europe, South Europe, Greece
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians
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50 Is circumcision necessary?
The leaders of the Christian church gather in Jerusalem to decide an urgent question - must Gentile converts undergo circumcision?

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_circumcision
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60 Peter is pope
St Peter, believed to have come to Rome as leader of the Christian community, is subsequently considered the first pope

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter
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60 Paul a prisoner in Rome
St Paul arrives in Rome a prisoner, but then spends two years freely preaching Christianity

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle
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64 Christians in Rome victims of Nero
Early Christian tradition states that both Peter and Paul meet death in Rome as martyrs, possibly as a result of the fire of AD 64

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter
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75 Acts of Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles are written, probably by Luke – the evangelist and companion of Paul on his final journey to Rome

  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts
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80 St Mark's Gospel
The earliest of the Christian gospels, that of St Mark, is written down - possibly in Asia Minor or Syria

  Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria | Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcan_priority
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177 Christians in Lyons tortured to death
On the order of Marcus Aurelius, Christians in Lyons are tortured to death - an instance of persecution unusual at this time

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_in_Lyon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandina
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232 Christian worship at Doura-Europus
A house in Doura-Europus is adapted for Christian worship - the earliest surviving example of its kind

  Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_church
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245 Origen's Testament in six columns
Origen, living in Caesarea, compiles the Hexapla, displaying versions of the Old Testament in six columns for comparative study

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity | Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapla
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen
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250 Christians paint catacombs
The Christians of Rome use the catacombs as tomb chambers, and decorate the walls with murals on New Testament themes

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Arts, Painting, drawing | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs
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258 Cyprian martyred in Carthage
Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, is one of many Christians martyred for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_of_Carthage
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300 Anthony hallucinates in desert
St Anthony, one of the early Christian hermits in the Egyptian desert, is tempted by terrifying hallucinations

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_in_visual_arts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony
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303 Christians now seriously persecuted
The emperor Diocletian initiates a sustained persecution of Christians in the Roman empire

  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christians_martyred_during_the_reign_of_Diocletian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian%27s_Palace
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312 Constantine wins with Christian emblem
Constantine, preparing for battle against a rival at the Milvian Bridge, orders his men to wear a Christian symbol, the Chi-Rho, on their shields

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Rho
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313 Constantine favours Christians
Constantine meets his co-emperor Licinius in Milan, and persuades him to follow a policy of encouraging the Christians

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity
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314 Constantine summons council at Arles
Warming to his new Christian role, Constantine summons more than 300 bishops to Arles to discuss the controversial issue of Donatus

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Arles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatus_Magnus
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315 Constantine's first churches
Constantine founds several churches in Rome, among them the first St Peter's

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Arts, Architecture | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity
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320 First Christian monastery
Pachomius organizes in Egypt the first community of Christian monks, at Dandara on the Nile

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera
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325 Constantine's council at Nicaea
Constantine convenes a council of 200 bishops at Nicaea to discuss the beliefs of Arius, which are deemed to be heresy

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism
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327 Helena finds True Cross
Helena, mother of the emperor Constantine, discovers in Jerusalem the cross on which Christ died - or so it is later claimed

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity
Image

330 Constantine's new Christian city
Constantine's new Christian city on the site of Byzantium is inaugurated, as Constantinople

  Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity
Image

337 Constantine baptized - just in time
Constantine is at last baptized a Christian in Nicomedia, just a few days before his death

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Constantine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia
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350 Christian bishop in Ethiopia
Frumentius, brought to Ethiopia as a slave, becomes the kingdom's first Christian bishop

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumentius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frumentius.jpg
Image

350 Greece finds new Christian role
Greece begins to find a new and influential role in a Christian context, through the Byzantine empire

  Europe, South Europe, Greece
  Politics, Government, states | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greece
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks
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360 St Martin founds monastery
St Martin founds the first monastery in western Europe, at Ligugé near Poitiers

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Tours
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligug%C3%A9_Abbey
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363 Julian said to see error of ways
An apocryphal story states that Julian the Apostate, dying at Tarsus, acknowledges the victory of the Galilean, Jesus Christ

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Galileans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)
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367 New Testament - contents agreed
A document is distributed by the bishop of Alexandria, formally establishing the contents of the New Testament

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_letter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria
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380 Earliest surviving New Testament
The Codex Sinaiticus, the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete New Testament, is copied out - probably in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus_Rescriptus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials
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386 Saint and holy women in Bethlehem
St Jerome settles in Bethlehem, where his holy women organize a monastery for his residence and a nearby convent for themselves

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Image

390 Emperor rebuked by bishop
St Ambrose asserts the authority of the church, refusing communion to the emperor Theodosius in Milan until he does penance for a massacre

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Thessalonica
Image

400 Chaste, but not yet
St Augustine reveals that as a young man, studying and teaching in Carthage, he often prayed for 'chastity and continence, but not yet'

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abstinence
Image

405 Jerome completes Vulgate
St Jerome, in Bethlehem, completes the Latin translation of the Bible which later becomes known as the Vulgate

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_of_Rome
Image

413 Augustine emphasizes City of God
Prompted by the fall of Rome to the Visigoths, St Augustine undertakes a great work of Christian philosophy, the City of God

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Literature, Philosophy | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_of_God
Image

431 Nestorius pronounced a heretic
A council is convened at Ephesus to consider the theology of Nestorius, which is judged to be heretical

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianism
Image

450 St Patrick preaches in Ireland
St Patrick creates a strong tradition of Celtic Christianity in Ireland, from his base in Armagh

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day
Image

475 Hermits live on pillars
The Syrian desert is full of hermits living on pillars, following the example of St Simeon Stylites

  Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Stylites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_the_Desert
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites
Image

500 Celtic monks in beehive cells
Monks in Ireland live in stone beehive cells on rocky islands, to achieve maximum discomfort

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloch%C3%A1n
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellig_Michael
Image

500 Christian ivories
Small ivory panels, with Gospel scenes carved in relief, provide a delicate beginning to the story of Christian sculpture

  Arts, Sculpture | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_Ivories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno_Ivories
Image

500 Clovis baptized at Reims
Clovis and some 3000 of his soldiers are baptized in a massive ceremony at Reims

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims
Image

525 Monk selects AD 1
Dionysius Exiguus, commissioned by the pope to improve chronology, makes an error of at least four years in his selected event for AD 1

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Literature, History | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini
Image

525 St Benedict at Subiaco
St Benedict gathers fellow hermits at Subiaco into a series of small monasteries

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiaco,_Lazio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco
Image

527 St Catherine's in Sinai
The monastery of St Catherine's in Sinai is founded by Justinian, and will accumulate one of the world's greatest collections of icons

  Asia, West Asia, Other
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine,_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty
Image

530 Irish monastery at Clonard
St Finnian founds the first of Ireland's great Celtic monasteries, at Clonard

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonard_Abbey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnian_of_Clonard
Image

530 St Benedict at Monte Cassino
St Benedict founds a monastery at Monte Cassino and writes a Rule for the monks which becomes the basis of the Benedictine order

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict
Image

543 Christianity in Sudan
Christianity reaches the kingdom of Dongola, in present-day Sudan

  Africa, East Africa, Sudan
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria
Image

563 St Columba on Iona
St Columba establishes a monastery on the island of Iona, from which Celtic Christianity is carried to Scotland and northern England

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_St_Columba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona_Abbey
Image

580 St David in St David's
St David founds monasteries in Wales and makes his base at Mynyw, a place now known after him as St David's

  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_David
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Davids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynyr_Ceinfarfog
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._David,_Arizona
Image

589 Filioque splits east and west
The word filioque ('and from the Son') becomes a major bone of contention between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches

  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filioque
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Church
Image

597 Augustine's warm welcome in Canterbury
Augustine, arriving with a party of monks from Rome, reaches Canterbury and is well received by the pagan king of Kent

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/597
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_St_Augustine_of_Canterbury_School,_Taunton
Image

600 Gregorian chant from Jewish sources
Ritual intoning of the psalms, derived from Jewish synagogues, is formalized in Christian worship as Gregorian chant

  Performing arts, Music | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_chant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religious_Jewish_music
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainsong
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_music
Image

610 St Columban reaches Bobbio
St Columban founds a monastery at Bobbio, the furthest outpost of Celtic Christianity

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbanus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbio_Abbey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_Society_of_St._Columban
Image

615 Persians remove True Cross
When the Persians sack Jerusalem, they carry off to Ctesiphon Christianity's most sacred relic - the True Cross

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem
Image

620 Monastery on Lindisfarne
The Irish monk St Aidan moves from Iona to establish a monastery on Lindisfarne

  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_St_Aidan,_Lindisfarne_Priory.jpg
Image

627 Byzantines recover True Cross
The Byzantine emperor Heraclius recovers the True Cross from Ctesiphon

  Asia, West Asia, Iraq
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628
Image

643 Coptic Christians isolated
The Coptic Christians of Egypt become isolated after the Muslim conquest

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt
Image

650 Celts illuminate manuscripts
The Book of Durrow, one of the earliest of the great Celtic manuscripts, is written and illuminated in Ireland

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Arts, Painting, drawing | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Durrow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrow_Abbey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_of_Durrow_folio_192v.png
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otho-Corpus_Gospels
Image

650 Jews and Christians favoured in Qur'an
Jews and Christians, sharing with Muslims the status of 'people of the book', are promised religious tolerance in the Qur'an

  Asia, West Asia, Other
  Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam | Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Book
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Message_of_The_Qur%27an
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimmi
Image

664 Northumbria chooses England's Christianity
The king of Northumbria summons a synod at Whitby to hear the arguments of Roman and Celtic Christians, then opts for Rome

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_controversy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ASynod_of_Whitby
Image

695 Willibrord in Utrecht
Willibrord, recently arrived from England to convert the Frisians, is consecrated archbishop of a new see in Utrecht

  Europe, West Europe, Benelux
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibrord
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibrord_Society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia
Image

698 Lindisfarne Gospels
The Lindisfarne Gospels are written and illuminated by Celtic monks on the Scottish island of Lindisfarne

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Arts, Painting, drawing | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lindisfarne_Gospels_folio_139r.jpg
Image

726 Christian emperor destroys image of Christ
The emperor Leo III launches the iconoclastic controversy, sending soldiers to smash the great image of Christ over the gateway to his palace

  Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III
Image

732 Charles Martel stops Muslim advance
The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tours
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Charles_Martel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours
Image

743 Boniface preaches to Germans
Boniface, working as a missionary among pagan Germans, makes his headquarters at Mainz

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Boniface
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilium_Germanicum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FSV_Mainz_05
Image

753 Pepin and Charlemagne anointed by pope
Pope Stephen II anoints Pepin III and his two sons (one of them Charlemagne) in the abbey church of St Denis

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin
Image

796 Alcuin moves to Tours
Alcuin leaves the palace school at Aachen to become abbot of the monastery of Tours

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity | Society, Culture, education
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridugisus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Alcuin_House
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Ireland
Image

800 Christmas surprise for Charlemagne
In St Peter's in Rome, on Christmas Day, pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor - supposedly to Charlemagne's surprise

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne,_Quebec
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire_of_Pope_Leo
Image

805 Pope consecrates Charlemagne's chapel
Pope Leo III consecrates Charlemagne's new palace chapel in Aachen, modelled on San Vitale in Ravenna

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Arts, Architecture | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III
Image

825 Bones of St James
The discovery of the supposed remains of the apostle St James makes Santiago de Compostela a new centre of European pilgrimage

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago
Image

828 Bones of St Mark
The Venetians, acquiring from Alexandria some bones believed to be those of St Mark, build St Mark's to house the valuable relic

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Campanile
Image

843 Iconoclasm smashed
The iconoclastic controversy ends when Theodora, widow of the emperor Theophilus, officially sanctions the veneration of icons

  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_of_the_Triumph_of_Orthodoxy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora
Image

863 Cyril and Methodius in Moravia
The missionary brothers Cyril and Methodius arrive in Moravia, where they introduce the Greek Orthodox faith in a special Slavonic liturgy

  Europe, Central Europe, Czech Republic
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Methodius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilingual_heresy
Image

865 Bulgarians become Orthodox
The Bulgarian king Boris I is baptized in the Greek Orthodox faith, bringing his people within the Byzantine fold

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Skossyreff
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballshi_Inscription
Image

870 Gospels in Slavonic
Cyril and Methodius translate the Gospels and parts of the Old Testament into Slavonic for the Moravians.

  Europe, Central Europe, Other
  Religion, Christianity | Society, Culture, education
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Cyril
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Methodius
Image

909 Reform at Cluny
Monastic reform, begun at Cluny, is so successful that more than 1000 Benedictine houses eventually follow the Cluniac example

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluny_Abbey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berno_of_Cluny
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh
Image

929 Wenceslas murdered
Wenceslas, a prince of the Premsylid family, is murdered on his way into church - and becomes Bohemia's patron saint

  Europe, Central Europe, Czech Republic
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Wenceslas_Cathedral
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia
Image

950 Slavs become Orthodox
The Byzantine empire enjoys a revival, bringing the Slavs within the Greek Orthodox fold and winning victories against the Muslims

  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs!
Image

960 Harald Bluetooth unites Denmark
Harald Bluetooth is baptized a Christian and unites the whole of Denmark as a single kingdom.

  Europe, North Europe, Scandinavia
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia
Image

962 Otto I crowned in Rome
The imperial coronation of Otto I by Pope John XII in St Peter's puts in place the formal role of a Holy Roman emperor

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XII
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_of_Bavaria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_XII
Image

965 Poles become Catholic
Mieszko, pagan chieftain of the Poles, marries a Christian Czech princess and brings all his people into the Roman Catholic fold

  Europe, East Europe, Poland
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_Talarczyk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko
Image

975 Hungarians become Catholic
The Hungarian king Gezá and his family are baptized as Roman Catholics, beginning a long link between Hungary and Rome

  Europe, East Europe, Hungary
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za,_Grand_Prince_of_the_Hungarians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/August_16
Image

987 Russians become Orthodox
Vladimir, the prince of Kiev, decides that Greek Orthodoxy is the most suitable religion for the Russian people

  Europe, East Europe, Other | Europe, North Europe, Russia
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27
Image

1000 Population baptized in Iceland
Iceland's parliament, the althing, passes a resolution that everyone on the island is to be baptized

  Europe, North Europe, Scandinavia
  Politics, Democracy, dissent | Politics, Government, states | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Iceland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorvald_Konradsson
Image

1075 Investiture controversy
Pope Gregory VII decrees that only the church may make ecclesiastical appointments, thus initiating the investiture controversy between pope and emperor

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Government, states | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_Controversy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Investiture_Controversy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Reform
Image

1078 Anselm claims to prove that God exists
Anselm includes in his Proslogion his famous 'ontological proof' of the existence of God

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Literature, Philosophy | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proslogion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_ontological_proof
Image

1084 St Bruno founds Carthusians
St Bruno and six companions retire to Chartreuse, in the French Alps, and establish the Carthusian order

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_of_Cologne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Chartreuse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_the_Great
Image

1085 Toledo captured by Christians
Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaida_of_Seville
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio
Image

1095 Pope preaches first crusade
Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims

  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Urban_II
Image

1096 Peter the Hermit
Peter the Hermit, an old monk on a donkey, leads the largest of the popular groups from Germany on the first crusade

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
Image

1098 Cistercian order founded
Benedictine monks, wishing to return to the early ideals of the order, form a community at Cîteaux which becomes the Cistercian order

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Abbey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappists
Image

1098 Crusaders capture Antioch
After a siege of seven months, the city of Antioch falls to the knights of the first crusade

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
Image

1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem
Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam | Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
Image

1113 Knights of St John
The Knights of St John of Jerusalem become an established order under papal protection

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Gerard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_postulatio_voluntatis
Image

1115 Bernard at Clairvaux
St Bernard establishes a new monastery at Clairvaux, from which he presides over the rapid expansion of the Cistercian order

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bernard_de_Clairvaux_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappists
Image

1120 Knights Templar
The Knights Templar are founded, to protect pilgrims from the Muslims on the journey to Jerusalem

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Payens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Knights_Templar_sites
Image

1144 Pope calls for new crusade
The fall of Edessa prompts the pope, Eugenius III, to call for a second crusade to defend the Latin kingdom

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_praedecessores
Image

1145 Cult of carts at Chartres
A new form of pious devotion is seen in Chartres, with people painfully dragging wagons of stone to enlarge the cathedral

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_Carts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_wall_of_Chartres_Cathedral
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerthus
Image

1145 Prester John expected
A bishop in the crusader territories of the Middle East has news of a fabulously wealthy Christian king, Prester John

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prester_John
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_1569_world_map_detail_Prester_John_of_Africa.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Presbyter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudolino
Image

1147 English bishop for see of Lisbon
Gilbert of Hastings, an English priest, becomes bishop of the recovered see of Lisbon - the first of many such links between England and Portugal

  Europe, South Europe, Portugal
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_of_Hastings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aigle_family
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Cathedral
Image

1147 Second crusade
The second crusade is led east by two kings, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
Image

1148 Two bedraggled kings reach Holy Land
By the time Louis VII and Conrad III reach the Holy Land they have lost more than half their joint armies to Muslim attacks

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria
Image

1148 Disastrous attack on Damascus
Louis VII and Conrad III do grave harm to the Latin Kingdom by a feeble attack that merely alienates the previously friendly city of Damascus

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Weinsberg
Image

1150 Charlemagne a saint in France and Germany
In feudal France and Germany Charlemagne is by now venerated as a saint

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne,_Quebec
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Charlemagne_par_Jaume_Cascalls_1345.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography_of_Charlemagne
Image

1182 Roman Catholics massacred in Constantinople
Resentment of western merchants results in a massacre of Roman Catholics by fellow Christians in Constantinople

  Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1182
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Turkey
Image

1190 Richard I goes on crusade
A year after succeeding to the throne of England, Richard I sets off east as one of the leaders of the third crusade

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Richard
Image

1190 Frederick Barbarossa dies on crusade
The third crusade suffers an early disaster when its first leader, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, is drowned crossing the Calycadnus river

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4user
Image

1191 Richard I takes Acre
The Muslim garrison of Acre surrenders to Richard I, who orders the massacre of 2700 of its members

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Richard
Image

1191 Teutonic Knights
The Teutonic Knights are founded to run a hospital in Acre, in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel
Image

1200 Jews accused of desecrating Host
The new Christian doctrine of Transubstantiation prompts rumours that the Jews desecrate the consecrated Host

  Religion, Christianity | Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transubstantiation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_desecration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_of_the_Desecrated_Host
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist
Image

1200 Cathars pure heretics
The heresy of the Cathars (meaning 'pure' ones) is now so well established in southern France that they have bishops of their own

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Saint-F%C3%A9lix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathar_yellow_cross
Image

1202 Fourth crusade sails from Venice
The fleet of the fourth crusade departs from Venice - only to be diverted from its purposes by Venetian guile

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zara
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Fourth_Crusade
Image

1202 German knights of the sword
A German order, the Knights of the Sword, begins the forcible conversion of Latvia and Estonia to Christianity

  Europe, North Europe, Baltic states
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur:_Legend_of_the_Sword
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Crusade
Image

1204 Crusaders destroy Constantinople
The crusaders of the fourth crusade besiege, take and destroy the Christian city of Constantinople

  Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Fourth_Crusade
Image

1205 Loot for Venice
Many of the treasures adorning the church of San Marco in Venice are loot taken from Constantinople during the fourth crusade

  Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople
Image

1208 Pope's man assassinated
The murder of the pope's legate to Toulouse provokes the Albigensian crusade, which aims to wipe out the Catharist heresy

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Castelnau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Albigensian_Crusade
Image

1210 St Francis visits the pope
St Francis and eleven companions tell Innocent III of their wish for a life of holy poverty in the bustle of the towns

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Innocent_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
Image

1212 Children's Crusade
Participants in the Children's Crusade suffer disaster after the waters of the Mediterranean fail to part for them

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_in_Jeans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gates_to_Paradise
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five
Image

1215 St Dominic visits the pope
St Dominic and his companions tell Innocent III of their wish to teach and preach in the bustle of the towns

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Innocent_III
Image

1216 Dominican friars - official
The Dominicans are formally established by Pope Honorius III as Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum, the Order of the Friars Preachers

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic
Image

1219 St Francis in Egypt
St Francis of Assisi joins a crusading army in Egypt and attempts to convert the sultan Melek-el-Kamel and his followers to Christianity

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi
Image

1223 Franciscan friars - official
The Franciscans are formally established by Honorius III as Ordo Fratrum Minorum, the Order of the Friars Minor

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor
Image

1228 Frederick II bargains for Jerusalem
Frederick II, leader of the sixth crusade, briefly recovers Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiating with the Muslims

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Diplomacy | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
Image

1233 Inquisition begins work
Gregory IX sends Dominican friars to root out the remains of the Catharist heresy in France, thus launching the Inquisition

  Europe, South Europe, Italy | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order
Image

1244 200 heretics burnt in wooden stockade
The siege of the Catharist stronghold of Montségur ends when 200 heretics are herded into a wooden stockade and are burnt

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Monts%C3%A9gur
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monts%C3%A9gur
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade
Image

1253 Churches for St Francis in Assisi
Construction begins of two basilicas, one above the other on a hillside in Assisi, in memory of St Francis

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Assisi
Image

1256 Augustinian friars established
Pope Alexander IV establishes a third order of preaching friars, the Augustinians

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Saviour
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI
Image

1290 Jews expelled from England
The Jews in England are driven out of the country, soon to be followed by those in France

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England
Image

1300 Pope promotes Holy Year
Boniface VIII declares a Jubilee or Holy Year, with plenary indulgences for pilgrims who make their way to Rome

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_in_the_Catholic_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_Jubilee_of_Mercy
Image

1309 Pope moves to Avignon
Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon, in a move which is expected to be temporary but which lasts for nearly seventy years

  Europe, South Europe, Italy | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_V
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Clement_V
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V
Image

1310 Templars burnt at stake
Fifty-four Knights Templars are burned at the stake, during the campaign of the French king to destroy the order

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar_Cartel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay
Image

1315 Islam replaces Christianity in Sudan
Islam replaces Christianity as the religion of the kings of Dongola, in present-day Sudan

  Africa, East Africa, Kenya
  Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne_Hall_of_Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1315
Image

1326 Metropolitan moves to Moscow
Moscow acquires new prestige when the metropolitan (or patriarch) of the Russian Orthodox church moves his residence from Vladimir

  Europe, North Europe, Russia
  Politics, Government, states | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter_of_Moscow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_II_of_Moscow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow
Image

1376 Wycliffe critical of corrupt church
John Wycliffe, writing mainly in Oxford, is critical of the contemporary church and can find no basis for the pope's authority

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe:_The_Morning_Star
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyclef_Jean
Image

1377 Pope returns to Rome
The papal curia returns to Rome in what would seem a conclusive move if there were not, two years later, two popes - one of them elected back in Avignon

  Europe, South Europe, Italy | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Saints
Image

1379 Great Schism in papacy
The French cardinals, objecting to the new Italian pope, elect their own man as Clement VII - and thus inaugurate the Great Schism of the papacy

  Europe, South Europe, Italy | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI
Image

1386 Lithuania becomes Christian
Jogaila, baptized a Roman Catholic before marrying Jadwiga, brings Lithuania into the Christian fold - the last part of Europe to be converted

  Europe, North Europe, Baltic states
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga
Image

1400 Lollards follow Wycliffe
The followers of Wycliffe, after his death, become known as Lollards or 'mutterers'

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards
Image

1402 Bethlehem Chapel gets new preacher
John Huss, known for his radical approach to Christianity, is put in charge of the Bethlehem Chapel in Prague

  Europe, Central Europe, Czech Republic
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Chapel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_J._Huss
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Chapel,_Richmond
Image

1409 Two popes too many
The Council at Pisa elects a new pope, Alexander V, without persuading the other two to resign - bringing the total to an unprecedented three

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Pisa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Alexander_V
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Schism
Image

1414 Council called at Constance
A council is called at Constance, to consider the radical views of John Huss and to deal with the present excess of popes

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, Central Europe, Czech Republic
  Politics, Government, states | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_J._Huss
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarism
Image

1415 Huss burnt at stake
John Huss, invited to Constance under a promise of safe conduct, is arrested, tried and burnt at the stake as a heretic

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, Central Europe, Czech Republic
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_J._Huss
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_of_Prague
Image

1417 Three popes reduced to one
The Council of Constance, having done its best to dispose of the three existing popes, elects a new one - Martin V

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_V
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_family
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus
Image

1428 Peasant girl hears voices
A peasant girl, Joan of Arc, hears the voices of saints urging her to relieve the siege of Orléans

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Recollections_of_Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Joan_of_Arc
Image

1429 Joan face to face with Charles
Joan of Arc wins her way into the presence of Charles VII at Chinon and persuades him, eventually, to trust her

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jargeau
Image

1429 Orléans falls to Joan and the French
Joan of Arc leads French forces in the successful relief of Orléans

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Recollections_of_Joan_of_Arc
Image

1429 Anointing of king at Reims
Joan of Arc stands nearby while Charles VII is anointed at Reims, then kneels before him and for the first time calls him her king

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_to_Reims
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France
Image

1430 Joan captured in skirmish
Joan of Arc is captured in a skirmish with the Burgundians, who subsequently hand her over to the English

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Compi%C3%A8gne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Recollections_of_Joan_of_Arc
Image

1431 Joan burned as a heretic
Joan of Arc, tried by the Inquisition on behalf of the English in Rouen, is burned at the stake as a relapsed heretic

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Joan_of_Arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-dressing,_gender_identity,_and_sexuality_of_Joan_of_Arc
Image

1433 Sacrament in both kinds for Prague
The Compacts of Prague, agreed with the papacy in 1433, allow the Hussite laity to receive the sacrament in both kinds

  Europe, Central Europe, Czech Republic
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compacts_of_Basel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studzienka_Jankowicka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite_Wars
Image

1438 French clergy make anti-papal stand at Bourges
The French clergy pass a resolution at Bourges, limiting the power of the papacy within France, which is adopted by the king as a 'pragmatic sanction'

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Government, states | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_Bourges
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_sanction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_Bologna
Image

1439 Greek Orthodox attend church council in Florence
Florence acquires first-hand experience of Greek culture when Greek Orthodox priests join in a debate on theology, in particular the question of Filioque

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filioque
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Florence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence
Image

1475 Moscow seen as third Rome
With Constantinople in Turkish hands, Moscow begins to see itself as the centre of Orthodox Christianity - or the third Rome

  Europe, North Europe, Russia
  Politics, Government, states | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire
Image

1480 Torquemada appointed Grand Inquisitor
Tomas de Torquemada, from a family of converted Jews, is appointed Spain's first Grand Inquisitor

  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Inquisitor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII
Image

1491 Savonarola attacks morals of the mighty
Savonarola, the new prior of San Marco, is a stern critic of both the pope in Rome and the Medici in Florence

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfire_of_the_vanities
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1490s_in_art
Image

1492 Jews expelled from Spain
Torquemada persuades Ferdinand and Isabella to expel from Spain all Jews (about 160,000) who will not convert to Christianity

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
Image

1492 Pope has four illegitimate children
Rodrigo Borgia, elected pope as Alexander VI, already has four illegitimate children and possibly sires three more while pope

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borgia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1492_papal_conclave
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Alexander_VI
Image

1497 Savonarola's bonfire of vanities
Savonarola, in the carnival before Lent, urges the people of Florence to throw playing cards and lewd images on a great bonfire of vanities

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity | Society, Social, domestic
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfire_of_the_vanities
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bonfire_of_the_Vanities
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Girolamo_Savonarola
Image

1498 Savonarola hanged and burnt
The Florentine mob, weary of puritanism, attacks the convent of San Marco and drags Savonarola away to be hanged and burnt

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity | Society, Social, domestic
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfire_of_the_vanities
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Girolamo_Savonarola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infelix_ego
Image

1516 Erasmus's New Testament in Greek
Erasmus publishes an influential edition of the New Testament in its original Greek

  Europe, West Europe, Benelux
  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programme
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin
Image

1517 Luther outraged by sale of indulgences
The local sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel outrages a friar teaching in Wittenberg, Martin Luther

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Tetzel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses
Image

1517 Luther nails document to church door
Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_University
Image

1518 Melanchthon inspires Luther's New Testament
Philipp Melanchthon joins the Wittenberg university to teach Greek and inspires Luther to translate the New Testament

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_University
Image

1520 First pamphlet war
Europe's new printing presses make possible the first pamphlet war, spreading instant arguments for and against the Reformation

  Religion, Christianity | Society, Journalism | Technology, Printing
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press
Image

1520 Luther's writings burnt
Luther's writings are burnt in Rome by order of the pope

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exsurge_Domine
Image

1521 Luther excommunicated
Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther after he has refused to recant

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.
Image

1521 Diet of Worms
Luther travels to the German city of Worms to present his case to an imperial diet

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Worms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_Mountain_of_Clams_and_the_Diet_of_Worms
Image

1521 Here I stand, says Luther
Luther bears witness to a Protestant conscience, stating at Worms: 'Here I stand, I can not do otherwise.'

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Worms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_I_Stand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.
Image

1521 Ignatius inspired to be a saint
Ignatius of Loyola, recovering from a wound received as a soldier at Pamplona, is inspired by reading the lives of the saints

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Pamplona
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola
Image

1522 Luther in disguise as Junker Georg
Outlawed by the Edict of Worms, Luther lives secretly in the Wartburg as Junker Georg

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartburg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Junker
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Worms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
Image

1522 Swiss sausage in Lent
Huldreich Zwingli eats sausage in Lent in Zurich, launching the Swiss Reformation

  Europe, Central Europe, Switzerland
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_of_the_Sausages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Huldrych_Zwingli
Image

1523 Hans Sachs calls Luther a nightingale
Hans Sachs, popular poet and master singer, describes Luther as the Wittenberg nightingale

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Literature, Other | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sachs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.
Image

1524 Tyndale at Wittenberg
William Tyndale studies in the university at Wittenberg and plans to translate the Bible into English

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Literature, Other | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyndale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndale_Bible
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_University
Image

1525 Friar marries nun
Luther, a former friar, marries Catherine von Bora, a former nun who has just emerged from her convent

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Religion, Christianity | Society, Social, domestic
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_marriage
Image

1525 Adult baptism in Zurich
Conrad Grebel baptises an adult, causing outrage in Protestant Zurich

  Europe, Central Europe, Switzerland
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Brethren
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Grebel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Grebel_University_College
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptism
Image

1525 Peasant War appals Luther
Thomas Müntzer leads the rebels in the Peasant War, to the profound displeasure of Luther

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Religion, Christianity | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.
Image

1525 Muslims in Spain forced to convert
Muslims throughout Spain are ordered to convert to Christianity or to leave the kingdom

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Brotherhoods
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Convivencia
Image

1527 Swedish king plunders monasteries
Gustavus I of Sweden fills his coffers by appropriating the property of Catholic churches and monasteries

  Europe, North Europe, Scandinavia
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julita_Abbey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden
Image

1528 Bible studies affect divorce
Discussion of Henry VIII's proposed divorce hinges on rival verses from the Old Testament, in Deuteronomy and Leviticus

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5:32
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yibbum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_Teitzei
Image

1529 Protestants acquire their name
The 'Protestation' of various princes and imperial cities at Speyer identifies them as Protestants

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche,_Speyer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AProtestation_at_Speyer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speyer
Image

1529 Luther and Zwingli clash on Eucharist
Protestant reformers Luther and Zwingli disagree at Marburg on the nature of the Eucharist

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg
Image

1530 Muslim holy war against Ethiopia
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim leads Muslim Somalis in a holy war against Christian Ethiopia, destroying churches and shrines

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AAhmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi
Image

1530 Lutheran confession at Augsburg
The Augsburg Confession, presented by Melanchthon to the imperial diet, defines the Lutheran faith

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_interpretation_of_Copernicus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession
Image

1531 Aztec Virgin seen at Guadalupe
The Aztec Virgin of Guadalupe appears to an Indian near Mexico City and tells him she is 'one of his kind'

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonantzin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Diego
Image

1531 Protestant princes form league
The Protestant princes of Germany form the defensive League of Schmalkalden

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Diplomacy | Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Torgau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalcald_Articles
Image

1531 Zwingli killed in battle
Zwingli is killed at Kappel in a battle between Protestant and Catholic cantons

  Europe, Central Europe, Switzerland
  Religion, Christianity | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_War_of_Kappel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Kappel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli
Image

1534 Henry VIII head of English church
Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy forces prominent figures in English public life to accept him on oath as head of the Church of England

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
  horsley
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasons_Act_1534
Image

1534 Placards all over Paris
Paris wakes up to find Protestant placards all over the place, mocking the sacrament of the mass

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_of_the_Placards
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordonnance_de_Montpellier
Image

1536 English king plunders monasteries
Henry VIII begins the process of gathering in the wealth of England's monasteries

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monasteries_dissolved_by_Henry_VIII_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries_in_Portugal
Image

1536 Danish king plunders monasteries
Christian III seizes the wealth of Danish churches and monasteries, before turning his attention to those of Norway

  Europe, North Europe, Scandinavia
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken
Image

1540 Jesuits are official
Pope Paul III establishes Ignatius Loyola and his followers as the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus
Image

1541 Calvin's school of Christ
Protestant reformer John Calvin settles in Geneva and submits the city to a strict Christian rule

  Europe, Central Europe, Switzerland
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevan_Consistory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Zeinenger
Image

1541 Francis Xavier sets sail
Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon

  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1541
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Seelos
Image

1542 Francis Xavier in Goa
Francis Xavier reaches Goa, at the start of the great mission to the east that will last the nine years until his death

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, India (republic)
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College,_Goa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Seelos
Image

1542 Roman Inquisition
Pope Paul III establishes the Roman Inquisition, with the specific task of fighting against the Protestant heresy

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Inquisition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II
Image

1545 Waldenses massacred
3000 Waldenses are massacred as heretics in the villages of Provence

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rindol_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Escalin_des_Aimars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmontese_Easter
Image

1545 Council of Trent
A council of the Roman Catholic church is convened in Trent, to establish the tenets of the Counter-Reformation

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_of_Trent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils
Image

1546 Archbishop of St Andrews murdered
David Beaton, the archbishop of St Andrews, burns a leading Protestant, George Wishart, as a heretic and is murdered in retaliation

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wishart
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beaton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beaton_of_Creich
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_St_Andrews_Castle
Image

1547 John Knox a galley slave
John Knox is captured in St Andrews and is sent to serve in the French fleet as a galley slave

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_St_Andrews_Castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox_Laughton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Balfour,_Lord_Pittendreich
Image

1549 First English prayer book
The first version of the English prayer book, or Book of Common Prayer, is published with text by Thomas Cranmer

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Literature, Other | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarete_Cranmer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Book_of_Common_Prayer
Image

1553 Mary I tries to restore Catholic England
Mary I succeeds to the English throne, and devotes her energies to the restoration of the Catholic faith

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England
Image

1554 Mary I marries Catholic heir to Spain
Mary I causes grave offence in England by her marriage to the Catholic heir to the king of Spain

  Europe, South Europe, Spain | Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Marriage_of_Queen_Mary_to_Philip_of_Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary
Image

1555 Religious compromise at Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg achieves a compromise which for a while solves the religious tensions deriving from the Reformation

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Reformation
Image

1555 The original Bloody Mary
The Protestant martyrs, though few in number, ensure the reputation of Bloody Mary in English history

  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Protestant_martyrs
Image

1559 Knox back in Scotland
John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva and inspires the Protestants to march on Edinburgh

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox_Laughton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Goodman
Image

1559 Huguenots get together in Paris
A national synod of France's Protestants, the Huguenots, is convened in Paris

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Huguenots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_du_Bourg
Image

1561 Knox and Mary disagree
Mary Queen of Scots returns from France to Edinburgh, and to an inevitable clash with John Knox

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox_Laughton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frush_Knox
Image

1567 New Testament in Welsh
The Book of Common Prayer and the New Testament are published in Welsh, to be followed by the complete Bible in 1588

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Literature, Other | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Welsh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Salesbury
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1567_in_literature
Image

1570 Pope excommunicates English queen
Pope Pius V excommunicates the English queen, Elizabeth I, causing a severe crisis of loyalty for her Catholic subjects

  Europe, South Europe, Italy | Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II
Image

1572 Massacre on St Bartholomew's Day
A massacre of French Protestants, known as the Huguenots, begins in Paris on St Bartholomew's Day

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Massacre_of_St_Bartholomew%27s_Eve
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Huguenots
Image

1579 Netherlands split on religious lines
The Union of Arras and the Union of Utrecht split the Netherlands into Catholic and Protestant camps

  Europe, West Europe, Benelux
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Arras
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Union_of_Arras_and_Utrecht_1579-es.svg
Image

1580 Jesuits target England
The first Jesuit missionaries arrive in England, with Edmund Campion among their number

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits,_etc._Act_1584
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Campion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Edmund_Campion_Secondary_School
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Persons
Image

1585 Catholic martyrs in England
Catholics are now the martyrs in England, their numbers almost matching the Protestant martyrs of the previous reign

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Protestant_martyrs
Image

1593 French king converts to secure throne
Henry IV becomes a Catholic so as to secure Paris and the throne of France

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_of_Henry_IV_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1593_in_France
Image

1598 Edict of Nantes protects Huguenots
The Edict of Nantes secures the civil rights of France's Protestants, the Huguenots

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Huguenots
Image

1604 Authorized version commissioned
James I commissions the Authorized version of the Bible, which is completed by forty-seven scholars in seven years

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Literature, Other | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_James_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Version
Image

1605 Gunpowder Plot damages Catholic cause
The Gunpowder Plot, attempting murder and treason, severely damages the Catholic cause in Britain

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gunpowder_Plot:_Exploding_the_Legend
Image

1608 English Puritans sail to Holland
A shipload of Puritans, among them some of the future Pilgrim Fathers, sail from Boston in Lincolnshire to seek religious freedom in Holland

  Europe, West Europe, Benelux | Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers_Memorial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_James_I
Image

1612 Baptist church in London
The establishment of a Baptist church in London is a defining moment for the Baptist sect within Christianity

  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Helwys
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleggers_and_Baptists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention
Image

1614 Christianity banned in Japan
An edict is passed expelling Jesuit missionaries from Japan, and ordering their converts to revert to Buddhism

  Asia, East Asia, China
  Politics, Government, states | Religion, Buddhism | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Japan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanban_trade
Image

1619 Protestant elected king in Bohemia
The Protestant Frederick V (elector palatine of the Rhine) is elected king by the rebellious Bohemian nobles

  Europe, Central Europe, Czech Republic
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Elector_Palatine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
Image

1636 Religious freedom in Rhode Island
Rhode Island is founded by Roger Williams as a colony based on the principle of religious tolerance

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations
Image

1637 Bishops imposed on Scotland
Charles I and his archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, attempt to impose the full Anglican hierarchy on presbyterian Scotland

  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laud
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion
Image

1638 Covenant in Edinburgh churchyard
A National Covenant, first signed in an Edinburgh churchyard, commits the Covenanters to oppose Charles I's reforms of the Church of Scotland

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England
Image

1638 Riots in Edinburgh
Riots erupt in Edinburgh, in response to the attempt by Charles I and Laud to impose a hierarchy of Anglican bishops

  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laud
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters
Image

1650 Date of creation established by archbishop
James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh, calculates that creation began on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussher_chronology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Ussher_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AJames_Ussher
Image

1652 Nikon patriarch of Russia
Nikon becomes patriarch of all Russia and introduces reforms which cause the Old Believers to form a breakaway sect

  Europe, North Europe, Russia
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon_of_Moscow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Believers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Joseph_of_Moscow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_III_of_Constantinople
Image

1653 John Bunyan becomes a Nonconformist
John Bunyan joins a Nonconformist church in Bedford and becomes one of their preachers

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bunyan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunhill_Fields
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fox
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baxter
Image

1655 Quakers accused of quaking
George Fox begins preaching in England, in a movement which develops into the Society of Friends - or Quakers

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fox
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers
Image

1661 John Bunyan is sent to gaol
John Bunyan is convicted of unlicensed preaching and spends the next eleven years in Bedford Gaol

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bunyan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_Act_1592
Image

1661 Cavalier revenge on Roundheads
The Cavalier Parliament begins to pass a series of acts, known as the Clarendon Code, containing punitive measures against Presbyterians

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_law_(British)#Clarendon_Code
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_Parliament_in_1661
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1661_English_general_election
Image

1662 Act of Uniformity
The Act of Uniformity demands that Anglican clergy accept all the Thirty-Nine Articles, costing many their livings

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AThirty-Nine_Articles
Image

1664 Conventicle Act restricts worship
The Conventicle Act restricts worship in England to Anglican churches if more than a few people are present

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventicle_Act_1664
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventicle_Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventicle
Image

1665 Five-Mile Act in England
The Five Mile Act prevents Nonconformist ministers in England from coming closer than five miles to any town where they have ministered

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Mile_Act_1665
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662
Image

1668 French press south from Great Lakes
The Jesuits establish a mission at Sault Sainte Marie which becomes the starting point for French exploration south of the Great Lakes

  North America, Canada
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario
Image

1672 Declaration of Indulgence in England
Charles II issues a Declaration of Indulgence, suspending the restrictions on Catholics and Nonconformists

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Declaration_of_Indulgence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Indulgence
Image

1673 Test Act reduces religious freedoms
Parliament in England passes a Test Act excluding Catholics and Nonconformists from public office

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)
Image

1678 Popish Plot an invented conspiracy
The Popish Plot, an invented Jesuit conspiracy to kill Charles II, results in the execution of about thirty-five Roman Catholics

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popish_Plot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Oates
Image

1680 Dragoons hassle Huguenots
Louis XIV persecutes the Huguenots by means of dragonnades - the billetting of unruly dragoons in the homes of villagers

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonnades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots
Image

1682 Liberal Pennsylvania
William Penn approves the Great Law, allowing complete freedom of religious belief in Pennsylvania

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_of_Government_of_Pennsylvania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers
Image

1683 Mennonites settle in Pennsylvania
Mennonites and other from Germany (later known as the Pennsylvania Dutch) begin to settle in Penn's liberal colony

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language
Image

1685 Catholic king in Britain
James II succeeds to the throne in Britain and immediately introduces pro-Catholic policies

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales
Image

1685 Persecuted Huguenots leave France
400,000 Huguenots leave France after Louis XIV deprives them of their rights by revoking the Edict of Nantes

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots
Image

1689 James II welcomed in Catholic Ireland
James II, landing in Ireland, is acclaimed as king in Dublin by enthusiastic Irish Catholics

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Parliament
Image

1690 Presbyterian Church of Scotland
The Church of Scotland finally wins recognition as an independent Presbyterian body

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland
Image

1700 Catholic land in Ireland reduced to 14%
In the years after the battle of the Boyne, Catholic ownership of land in Ireland is reduced to just 14% of the total

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelfth
Image

1701 Act of Settlement vetoes Catholic monarch
The Act of Settlement declares that no Catholic may inherit the English crown

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:Act_of_Settlement_1701
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AAct_of_Settlement_1701
Image

1730 First Methodists in Oxford
John and Charles Wesley form a Holy Club at Oxford which becomes the cradle of Methodism

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Club
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wesley
Image

1735 Great Awakening
A revivalist movement in America, led by Jonathan Edwards, becomes known as the Great Awakening

  North America, USA
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Awakening
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards
Image

1741 Jonathan Edwards terrifies his congregation
American revivalism is inflamed by Jonathan Edwards' vivid sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

  North America, USA
  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinners_in_the_Hands_of_an_Angry_God
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ASinners_in_the_Hands_of_an_Angry_God
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards
Image

1754 Edwards' Freedom of Will
In Freedom of Will American evangelist Jonathan Edwards makes an uncompromising defence of orthodox against liberal Calvinism

  North America, USA
  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_of_the_Will
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_the_Will
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chubb
Image

1759 Jesuits an endangered species
The Portuguese expel the Jesuits from Brazil, beginning a widespread reaction against the order in Catholic Europe

  Latin America, South America, Brazil | Europe, South Europe, Portugal
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Salvador
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Old_Seminary_in_Bel%C3%A9m_da_Cachoeira
Image

1769 Serra establishes mission
Franciscan missionary Junipero Serra begins work at San Diego de Cala, the first of his nine California missions

  North America, USA
  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcal%C3%A1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junipero_Serra_Boulevard
Image

1773 Pope closes down Jesuits
Responding to pressure from the Catholic monarchs of Europe, Clement XIV abolishes the Jesuit Order

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola
Image

1774 Russia and the Holy Places
The treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji grants Russia special rights in relation to the Christian Holy Places under Ottoman control

  Politics, Diplomacy | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Farhi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greece
Image

1775 Talleyrand becomes abbot at twenty-one
Talleyrand begins an extremely varied career by becoming an abbot at the age of twenty-one

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord
Image

1781 Habsburgs now tolerate Protestants
Joseph II passes an Edict of Toleration, for the first time allowing Protestant worship in Habsburg territories

  Europe, Central Europe, Austria
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_toleration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1782_Edict_of_Tolerance
Image

1790 Second Great Awakening
A second great revivalist movement sweeps northeast America, inspired by the earlier example of Jonathan Edwards

  North America, USA
  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Awakening
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards
Image

1795 Paine's The Age of Reason
Thomas Paine publishes his completed Age of Reason, an attack on conventional Christianity

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Literature, Other | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine
Image

1795 Orangemen unite
A secret Protestant group, the Orange Society, is formed in Co. Armagh to resist Irish nationalism

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Protest, revolution | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Diamond
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orange_Lodge_of_Scotland
Image

1797 Pope taken captive to France
Pope Pius VI is seized by a French army in Rome and is taken off to captivity in France

  Europe, South Europe, Italy | Europe, West Europe, France
  Religion, Christianity