Conquest and Colonisation
by Derek Gerlach

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Image

1520 BC Pharaoh pushes far up Nile
Thutmose I extends Egyptian control as far up the Nile as Abu Hamad

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hamad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Hamad_locator_map.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III
Image

1345 BC Amarna tablets reveal links between Egypt and Phoenicia
The Amarna tablets contain extensive correspondence between the Akhenaten government in Egypt and subject princes in Phoenicia

  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_365
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1300 BC Mycenae dominant
Mycenae prevails as the dominant power throughout the Peloponnese and the entire Aegean

  Europe, South Europe, Greece
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece
Image

850 BC Phoenician colony in Cyprus
Citium, in Cyprus, is the first of many Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean

  Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria | Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium
Image

814 BC Carthage founded
The traditional date of the founding of Carthage (supposedly by the mythical queen Dido, but in practice by Phoenicians)

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Carthage
Image

722 BC Ten tribes lost
The Assyrians overwhelm the north of Israel and the ten northern tribes vanish from history - the majority of them probably dispersed or sold into slavery

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_captivity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem
Image

700 BC Phoenician and Greek Sicily
The island of Sicily is colonized from the eastern Mediterranean by both Phoenicians and Greeks

  Europe, South Europe, Greece | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Wars
Image

689 BC Assyrians destroy Babylon
The Assyrian king, Sennacherib, destroys with great brutality the city of Babylon

  Asia, West Asia, Iraq
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib
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667 BC Byzantium founded
Byzantium (the future Constantinople) is founded as a colony of Megara, a Greek city-state

  Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe | Europe, South Europe, Greece
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megara
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire
Image

663 BC Assyrians invade Egypt
The Egyptian city of Memphis falls to an Assyrian army, soon to be followed by Thebes

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Thebes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people
Image

612 BC Babylonians destroy Nineveh
The Medes and the Babylonians destroy Nineveh and bring to an end the power of Assyria

  Asia, West Asia, Iraq
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
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586 BC Nebuchadnezzar destroys Jerusalem
After a long siege Jerusalem is taken by Nebuchadnezzar and the city, including Solomon's Temple, is destroyed

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem
Image

550 BC Carthaginian colony on Atlantic coast
Larache is founded as a Carthaginian colony on the Atlantic coast of Africa

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larache
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larache_expedition
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546 BC Sardis taken by Persians
Sardis, the capital city of the Lydian ruler Croesus, is taken by the Persians

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesus
Image

539 BC Persia absorbs Babylon
A Persian army captures Babylon and brings it into the empire of Cyrus the Great

  Asia, Central Asia, Iran (Persia) | Asia, West Asia, Iraq
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Bible
Image

525 BC Persians invade Egypt
The Persians defeat an Egyptian army at Pelusium and then capture Memphis

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelusium
Image

416 BC Athenians kill the men of Melos
The Athenians, capturing Melos, kill all the males of the island and sell the women and children into slavery

  Europe, South Europe, Greece
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Melos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milos
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409 BC Carthaginians invade Sicily
A Carthaginian army lands near Marsala to begin the long involvement of Carthage in Sicily

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsala
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396 BC Rome takes first step towards empire
The Romans capture the nearby Etruscan town of Veii, beginning a long process of territorial expansion

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veii
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Veii
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_religion
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335 BC Alexander destroys Thebes
Before departing for the east, Alexander destroys Thebes and enslaves the Thebans for rebelling against the League of Corinth

  Europe, South Europe, Greece
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Corinth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thebes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign
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332 BC Alexander founds Alexandria
While in Egypt, Alexander founds Alexandria – the best known of the many towns he establishes to spread Greek culture

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
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331 BC Alexander defeats Darius at Gaugamela
Moving northeast into Mesopotamia, Alexander again defeats Darius III (at Gaugamela), leaving Persia open to his advances

  Asia, Central Asia, Iran (Persia)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic
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327 BC Alexander invades India
Alexander takes a major new step, leaving Persian territory and moving through the mountain passes into India

  Asia, South Asia, Pakistan | Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India
Image

320 BC Ptolemy founds museum
Ptolemy begins to transform Alexandria into a centre of Greek culture, founding his famous 'museum' and library

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Culture, education
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty
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301 BC Ptolemy wins control of Jerusalem
Some 20 years after the death of Alexander the Great one of his generals, Ptolemy, extends his rule from Egypt to include Jerusalem

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty
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281 BC Pyrrhus lands in Italy
Pyrrhus lands in Italy, with 25,000 men and 20 elephants, to fight for the Greek colony of Tarentum against the Romans

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarentum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhus%27_invasion_of_the_Peloponnese
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241 BC Sicily is Rome's first province
At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily becomes Rome's first overseas province

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lutatius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars
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240 BC Spanish metals worth fighting for
Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_metallurgy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_mining
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginian_coinage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War
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227 BC Sardinia and Corsica form a province
Sardinia and Corsica are annexed by Rome, becoming the second Roman overseas province

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Corsica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia
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201 BC Spain ceded to Rome
Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania_Citerior
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196 BC Rome 'liberates' Greece
The Romans, after defeating Macedon, announce at the Isthmian Games that all Greek states are now free under Roman protection

  Europe, South Europe, Greece | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_Games
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenic_Games
Image

121 BC Romans in Provence
The Romans establish a province in the south of France, still acknowledged in the name Provence

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Provence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province
Image

86 BC Athens looted by Romans
Sulla, campaigning to the east, besieges Athens and then allows his army to loot the city

  Europe, South Europe, Greece | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Athens
Image

80 BC Pompey is Great
The 26-year-old Pompey conducts such a successful campaign in Africa that his soldiers hail him as Pompey the Great

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey
Image

64 BC Pompey annexes Syria
Pompey takes Antioch and brings Syria under control as a Roman province

  Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Syria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64_BC_Syria_earthquake
Image

63 BC Pompey takes Jerusalem
Pompey captures Jerusalem, bringing Judaea under Roman control

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem
Image

58 BC Caesar in Gaul
At the end of his year as consul, Caesar travels north to become governor of northern Italy and southern France

  Europe, South Europe, Italy | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
Image

55 BC Britain invaded by Caesar
Julius Caesar makes the first of his two invasions of Celtic Britain

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain
Image

54 BC Caesar invades Britain again
Julius Caesar returns to Britain for a second visit, this time reaching north of the Thames into the kingdom of Cassivellaunus

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassivellaunus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandubracius
Image

52 BC Vercingetorix defeats Caesar
The Celtic leader Vercingetorix inflicts an unaccustomed defeat on Julius Caesar, at Gergovia, but is captured later in the year

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vercingetorix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vercing%C3%A9torix_monument
Image

52 BC Caesar writes Gallic War
In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Literature, History | Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars
Image

47 BC Veni, vidi, vici
Julius Caesar concludes a campaign in Asia Minor so speedily that he declares, succinctly, Veni, vidi, vici ('I came, I saw, I conquered')

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veni,_vidi,_vici
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zela
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47_BC
Image

46 BC Caesar founds town at Carthage
A town is founded by Julius Caesar on the ruined site of Carthage, and eventually flourishes as Colonia Julia Carthago

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Junonia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
Image

30 BC Rome controls Mediterranean
With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom
Image

20 BC Roman province of Germania Inferior
The Netherlands, or 'low countries' around the Rhine delta, enter history as the Roman province of Germania Inferior

  Europe, West Europe, Benelux
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Inferior
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Superior
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_governors_of_Germania_Inferior
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_fortifications_in_Germania_Inferior
Image

9 Arminius defeats Romans
The defeat of three Roman legions in the Teutoberg Forest by Arminius, establishes the Rhine as a natural boundary of the Roman empire

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutoburg_Forest
Image

40 Cymbeline dies
The death of Cymbeline is a prelude to the renewed Roman invasion of Celtic Britain

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunobeline
Image

43 Romans invade Britain and stay
The Romans invade Britain and the tribal leader Caractacus fails to hold them in an encounter near the Medway

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratacus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Medway
Image

43 Claudius arrives in London
The emperor Claudius catches up with the Roman army, waiting at the Thames for him to lead the final victory over the English tribes

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_43
Image

60 Boudicca attacks Romans
Boudicca launches a devastating attack on Roman soldiers and settlers, destroying their headquarters at Colchester

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Protest, revolution
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camulodunum
Image

66 Zealots rise against Rome
The Zealots play a prominent part in the uprising which expels the Romans from Jerusalem

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Protest, revolution
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealot_Temple_Siege
Image

70 Titus takes Jerusalem
Titus recovers Jerusalem for Rome, after four years of Jewish rule

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War
Image

70 Temple in Jerusalem destroyed
The complete destruction of the Jewish Temple follows the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Persecution, repression
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem
Image

77 Agricola subdues Wales
Agricola, appointed Roman governor of Britain in AD 77, establishes Chester as a stronghold from which to control the Welsh tribes

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segontium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola
Image

83 Agricola defeats the Scottish tribes
Agricola defeats the tribes of Scotland at an unidentified place called Mons Graupius, probably almost as far north as Aberdeen

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgacus
Image

106 Dacia within Roman empire
After two campaigns by Trajan the rich region of Dacia (today's Romania) is brought under Rome's control

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan
Image

122 Hadrian's Wall
The emperor Hadrian, visiting Britain, orders the construction of a great wall from coast to coast to keep out the Caledonian tribes

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian
Image

135 Romans expel Jews from Jerusalem
After the Roman recovery of Jerusalem from Simon Bar-Cochba, all Jews are expelled from the city

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire
Image

142 Antonine Wall
The emperor Antoninus Pius gives orders for the construction of a defensive earthwork, to the north of Hadrian's Wall

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius
Image

165 Doura-Europus a frontier town
The Romans annexe Doura-Europus, giving it its most prosperious period as a frontier town between the Roman and Persian empires

  Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_Route_map
Image

380 Roman presence in Britain reduced
Roman legions begin to be withdrawn from Britain, leaving the Celtic population increasingly vulnerable

  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain
Image

406 Vandals move through Gaul into Spain
The Vandals cross the Rhine into Gaul and move into Spain, from which the Visigoths soon push them on into Africa

  Europe, South Europe, Spain | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths
Image

450 Angles and Saxons enter England
Angles, Saxons and other Germanic groups invade southern England and steadily push the Celts westwards

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles
Image

500 Tiwanaku powerful in Andes
The city of Tiwanaku develops to the south of Lake Titicaca, and soon dominates the surrounding region

  Latin America, South America, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Titicaca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uru_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire
Image

533 Belisarius wins back Carthage
The Byzantine general Belisarius recovers Carthage from the Vandals

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalic_War
Image

535 Belisarius lands in Sicily
Belisarius lands in Sicily at the start of a five-year campaign to recover Ravenna for the Byzantine emperor

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Panormus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius_series
Image

550 Visigoths rule in Spain
Most of Spain is by now in the hands of the Visigoths, though for a while the Byzantines win back territories in the south

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths
Image

614 Jerusalem falls to Persians
Jerusalem falls to the Persian emperor Khosrau II after a siege of a month, and it is said that 60,000 Christians are massacred

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khosrau_II_Coin.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukhzad_Khosrow_V
Image

637 Muslims capture Ctesiphon
The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty

  Asia, Central Asia, Iran (Persia) | Asia, West Asia, Iraq
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qadisiyyah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_usage_of_al-Q%C4%81disiyyah
Image

638 Muslims capture Jerusalem
The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophronius_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem
Image

642 Muslims capture Alexandria
The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria
Image

643 Coptic Christians isolated
The Coptic Christians of Egypt become isolated after the Muslim conquest

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt
Image

650 Vikings maraud in longships
The Vikings develop the fast and narrow longships with which they raid across the North Sea

  Europe, North Europe, Scandinavia | Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_ships
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings
Image

670 Muslim garrison at Kairouan
The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Sanusi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AMosque
Image

698 Carthage destroyed by Muslims
Carthage is captured from the Byzantines by the Arabs and is finally destroyed, though Tunis will later rise nearby

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Carthage
Image

700 Non-Arabs may be Muslims
Shortage of manpower in the Muslim armies causes a change of policy, with non-Arabs now allowed to convert to Islam

  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests
Image

711 Muslims cross into Spain
Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo

  Africa, North Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete
Image

712 Muslims win foothold in India
Muslims, arriving from Persia through Baluchistan, occupy the region of Sind in western India

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, Pakistan
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Qasim
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Sind
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sindh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_campaigns_in_India
Image

718 Visigoths cling on in Asturias
Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagius_of_Asturias
Image

732 Charles Martel stops Muslim advance
The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tours
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Charles_Martel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours
Image

751 Arab victory at Talas river
A battle at the Talas river, between the Chinese and the Arabs, is a decisive victory for the Arabs

  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zhizhi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ABattle_of_Talas
Image

756 Pepin helps Rome
Pepin III, after recovering Byzantine territories in Italy from the Lombards, hands control of the region to the pope in Rome

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Papacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_III,_Count_of_Vermandois
Image

772 Charlemagne demolishes Saxon shrine
Charlemagne destroys a great Saxon shrine, the Irminsul - the start of a 30-year campaign against his pagan neighbours in what is now Germany

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irminsul
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AIrminsul
Image

774 Charlemagne rules Lombardy
After two campaigns in Lombardy, Charlemagne establishes himself as king of the Lombards in northern Italy

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne,_Quebec
Image

793 Vikings raid Lindisfarne
The monks of Lindisfarne become the first known overseas victims of a Viking raid

  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age
Image

827 Muslims in Sicily
The Arabs get a foothold in Sicily and begin a slow process, not complete till AD 965, of squeezing the Byzantines out of the island

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/827
Image

838 Vikings capture Dublin
Vikings from Norway capture Dublin and establish a Norse kingdom in Ireland

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/838
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings
Image

850 Vikings have northern Scotland
Vikings are by now securely established in the Orkneys, Shetlands and Hebrides, and in much of the Scottish mainlaid down to Loch Ness

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Isles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings
Image

866 Danes capture York
A great army of Danes captures York - the first step in the establishment of Danelaw in eastern England

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_York
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Boroughs_of_the_Danelaw
Image

874 Vikings reach Iceland
Vikings arrive in Iceland and form a settlement on the site of modern Rejkjavik

  Europe, North Europe, Scandinavia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iceland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson
Image

886 Alfred drives Danes from London
Alfred captures London from the Danes, pressing them back into the region of Danelaw where their rule is, for the moment, tolerated

  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Boroughs_of_the_Danelaw
Image

895 Magyars in Hungary
The Magyars, under the leadership of Arpad, establish themselves in Hungary

  Europe, East Europe, Hungary
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpad
Image

920 Vikings capture Limerick
After years of raiding up the Shannon, the Vikings capture Limerick

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitric_C%C3%A1ech
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair
Image

950 Toltecs at Tula
Toltecs move into the valley of Mexico from the north and establish a capital city at Tula

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula,_Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Oblast
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Skulls_of_the_Toltecs
Image

987 Chichén Itzá taken by Toltecs
The Mayan city of Chichén Itzá is captured by the Toltecs

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya-Toltec_controversy_at_Chichen_Itza
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec_Empire
Image

1000 Islam reaches Niger
A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger

  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bakri
Image

1000 Muslim Turks raid India
Turks from Ghazni, raiding into northwest India, renew the pressure of Islam on the subcontinent

  Asia, South Asia, Pakistan | Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_Province
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples_in_India
Image

1050 Islam reaches Lake Chad
Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad

  Africa, Central Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Alooma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria
Image

1050 Islam reaches Kilwa
A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kilwa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_coast
Image

1062 Almoravids in Marrakech
Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_Qubba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dinar
Image

1066 Normans invade England in longships
The Normans, as seen in the Bayeux tapestry, invade England in Viking longships with fortified platforms for archers

  Europe, West Europe, Britain | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Norman_Conquests
Image

1080 Marcher lords threaten the Welsh
Norman earls are given territories on the marches of Wales, with the specific task of raiding their neighbours

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcher_Lord
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Marches
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marcher_lords
Image

1094 El Cid wins a kingdom
Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid, drives out the Muslims and wins Valencia

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimena_D%C3%ADaz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_D%C3%ADaz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bair%C3%A9n
Image

1095 Pope preaches first crusade
Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims

  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Urban_II
Image

1096 Peter the Hermit
Peter the Hermit, an old monk on a donkey, leads the largest of the popular groups from Germany on the first crusade

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
Image

1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem
Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam | Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
Image

1100 Assassins in Persia
The Assassins, a sect of Nizari Ismailis, begin to acquire strongholds in Persia

  Asia, Central Asia, Iran (Persia)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Assassins
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah
Image

1109 Latin kingdom of Jerusalem
The crusaders now rule the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch and the counties of Tripoli and Edessa

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states
Image

1144 Crusaders lose Edessa
The city of Edessa is captured by Zangi, a Mameluke general, in the first setback for the crusaders in the Middle East

  Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk
Image

1147 Almohads capture Marrakech
Rival Berber tribesmen, the Almohads, evict the Almoravids from Marrakech and soon conquer the whole north African coast

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_doctrine
Image

1147 Portuguese capture Lisbon
Alfonso I takes Lisbon from the Muslims, with the unexpected help of some passing English crusaders

  Europe, South Europe, Portugal
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal
Image

1147 Second crusade
The second crusade is led east by two kings, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
Image

1147 Almohads capture Seville
Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_doctrine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville_Cathedral
Image

1148 Two bedraggled kings reach Holy Land
By the time Louis VII and Conrad III reach the Holy Land they have lost more than half their joint armies to Muslim attacks

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria
Image

1148 Disastrous attack on Damascus
Louis VII and Conrad III do grave harm to the Latin Kingdom by a feeble attack that merely alienates the previously friendly city of Damascus

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Weinsberg
Image

1150 Tamils in Sri Lanka
After centuries of raiding the northern part of Sri Lanka, the Tamils establish a settled Hindu presence in the island

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Hinduism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamils
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature
Image

1154 Damascus surrenders to Nur ed-Din
The inhabitants of Damascus surrender their city to Nur ed-Din, helping him greatly in his campaign against the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem

  Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Protest, revolution
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nureddin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states
Image

1169 Normans invade Ireland
Normans land in Ireland, seize Wexford, and in the following year capture Waterford and Dublin

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Waterford
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_FitzGerald
Image

1171 English king holds court in Dublin
Henry II, the king of England, summons the Irish and Norman lords to do homage to him in Dublin

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1170s_in_England
Image

1187 Saladin wins at Horns of Hattin
Saladin destroys the Christian army of the Latin kingdom in a battle below the Horns of Hattin

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvis_Saladin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard
Image

1187 Saladin captures Acre
Saladin captures various Crusader fortresses and walled cities, including Acre

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvis_Saladin
Image

1187 Saladin takes Jerusalem
Saladin takes Jerusalem and treats the Christian inhabitants with a consideration unusual for the time

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvis_Saladin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_Governorate
Image

1190 Richard I goes on crusade
A year after succeeding to the throne of England, Richard I sets off east as one of the leaders of the third crusade

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Richard
Image

1190 Frederick Barbarossa dies on crusade
The third crusade suffers an early disaster when its first leader, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, is drowned crossing the Calycadnus river

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4user
Image

1191 Richard I takes Acre
The Muslim garrison of Acre surrenders to Richard I, who orders the massacre of 2700 of its members

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Richard
Image

1192 Richard I recognized in Austrian inn
Richard I, returning from the Holy Land in disguise, is recognized in an inn near Vienna and is imprisoned until England pays a massive ransom

  Europe, Central Europe, Austria | Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Richard
Image

1202 Fourth crusade sails from Venice
The fleet of the fourth crusade departs from Venice - only to be diverted from its purposes by Venetian guile

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zara
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Fourth_Crusade
Image

1202 German knights of the sword
A German order, the Knights of the Sword, begins the forcible conversion of Latvia and Estonia to Christianity

  Europe, North Europe, Baltic states
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur:_Legend_of_the_Sword
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Crusade
Image

1204 Normandy taken by French king
The French king, Philip II, takes Normandy from the English, and follows this success by taking Anjou a year later

  Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England
Image

1204 Crusaders destroy Constantinople
The crusaders of the fourth crusade besiege, take and destroy the Christian city of Constantinople

  Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Fourth_Crusade
Image

1204 Venice takes Corfu and Crete
Venice takes the useful islands of Corfu and Crete as part of the spoils of the fourth crusade

  Europe, South Europe, Greece | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople
Image

1205 Loot for Venice
Many of the treasures adorning the church of San Marco in Venice are loot taken from Constantinople during the fourth crusade

  Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople
Image

1220 Mongols cut a swathe through Asia
Within a span of less than ten years, from 1215, Genghis Khan and the Mongols plunder from China to eastern Europe

  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire
Image

1225 Teutonic knights tackle Prussians
The Teutonic knights undertake a new form of crusade, attempting to subdue the pagan Prussians who occupy part of the Baltic coast

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Order
Image

1228 Frederick II bargains for Jerusalem
Frederick II, leader of the sixth crusade, briefly recovers Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiating with the Muslims

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Diplomacy | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
Image

1231 Mongols in Korea
The Mongols conquer the Korean peninsula, subsequently using it as a base for two expeditions against Japan

  Asia, East Asia, Korea
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire
Image

1237 Golden Horde in Russia
Batu Khan and his Mongols sweep into Russia, where they and their descendants become known as the Golden Horde

  Europe, North Europe, Russia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Khan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Khans_of_the_Golden_Horde
Image

1241 Mongols ravage Cracow
Mongols of the Golden Horde defeat the Poles at Legnica and ravage the city of Cracow

  Europe, East Europe, Poland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Liegnitz
Image

1241 Golden Horde in Hungary
Mongols of the Golden Horde reach Hungary, where they graze their horses for the summer before withdrawing to the Volga

  Europe, East Europe, Hungary
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary
Image

1256 Mongols invade Persia
Hulagu and his horde of Mongols cross the Amu Darya river and move against Muslim Persia

  Asia, Central Asia, Iran (Persia)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate
Image

1258 Mongols sack Baghdad
When Hulagu and his Mongol army reach Baghdad, in 1258, it is said that 800,000 of the inhabitants are killed - and the caliph is kicked to death

  Asia, West Asia, Iraq
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire
Image

1262 Norway annexes Iceland
The Norwegian king, Haakon IV, annexes Iceland as his personal fief, bringing to an end the commonwealth established in AD 930

  Europe, North Europe, Scandinavia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_the_Young
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Iceland
Image

1269 Marinids take Marrakech
The Marinids, a Berber tribe, take Marrakech and bring to an end Almohad rule in Morocco

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_al-Wathiq
Image

1282 Uprising by prince of Wales
An uprising by Llewellyn ap Gruffydd, the prince of Wales, ends with his own death and the subjugation of Wales by the king of England, Edward I

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffydd_Fychan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England
Image

1283 New castles to subdue the Welsh
Edward I begins a series of powerful castles - Harlech, Caernarfon and Conwy in this year alone - to subdue the Welsh

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_Castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlech_Castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle
Image

1303 Templars last to leave Palestine
The Knights Templars withdraw from the island of Arwad, the last foothold of the crusaders in the Middle East

  Asia, West Asia, Palestine and Israel
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Ruad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar_Cartel
Image

1308 Teutonic knights seize Gdansk
The Teutonic knights seize the coastal area round Gdansk, cutting off Poland's access to the sea

  Europe, Central Europe, Germany | Europe, East Europe, Poland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Gda%C5%84sk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Order
Image

1354 Turks make their way into Europe
Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe

  Asia, West Asia, Turkey | Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Gallipoli
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Gelibolu
Image

1377 Jogaila inherits Lithuania
Jogaila inherits a pagan Lithuanian kingdom which has been extended as far south as Kiev

  Europe, East Europe, Other | Europe, North Europe, Baltic states
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_aircraft_carrier_Kiev
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas
Image

1383 Timur destroys Herat
Timur begins twenty years of almost continuous conquest with the capture and destruction of Herat

  Asia, Central Asia, Afghanistan
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokhtamysh%E2%80%93Timur_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Bekmambetov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart
Image

1389 Turks win at Kosovo
Victory at Kosovo gives the Ottoman Turks control over Serbia, which becomes a vassal state

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts
Image

1393 Ottoman Turks occupy Bulgaria
The Ottoman sultan Bayazid I brings the Slav kingdom of Bulgaria under his control

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tarnovo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II
Image

1406 Pisa taken by Florence
Pisa is captured by Florence, to be followed a few years later by the purchase of the seaport of Livorno

  Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Palmieri
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Livorno_railway
Image

1410 Poles crush Teutonic knights
The Poles defeat the Teutonic knights between Tannenberg and Grunwald, bringing the coastal strip around Gdansk into the Polish kingdom

  Europe, East Europe, Poland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Order
Image

1410 Last ship leaves Greenland
The Viking settlement in Greenland ends, after 400 years, when the last ship leaves the colony and sails for Norway

  Europe, North Europe, Scandinavia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greenland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herjolfsnes
Image

1420 Portuguese colony on Madeira
The Portuguese, discovering the lush and uninhabited island of Madeira, send colonists to settle it

  Europe, South Europe, Portugal
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Madeira
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira_wine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira_River
Image

1443 Skanderbeg defies Turks in Albania
Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg
Image

1443 Hunyadi liberates Balkans from Turks
The Hungarian general Janos Hunyadi takes Sofia from the Turks and in the next few months liberates most of Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunyadi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunyadi_family
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa
Image

1444 Turks begin comeback at Varna
A Turkish army routs the Hungarians at Varna on the Black Sea, beginning a process which brings the Turks to the gates of Belgrade by 1456

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Battles
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Varna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III
Image

1445 Muslim dynasty in Malay archipelago
A Muslim ruler is established in Malacca, forming the first of many Muslim dynasties in the Malay archipelago

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_of_Malacca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffar
Image

1446 Portugal claims Guinea
Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry | Society, Slavery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery
Image

1456 Peasant army defeats Turks at Belgrade
The Turks, besieging Belgrade, are dispersed by a peasant army inspired by the preaching of a Franciscan friar, St John of Capistrano

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Capistrano
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunyadi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_O%27Sullivan
Image

1460 Turks occupy Greece
The Turks complete the occupation of Greece, which remains within the Ottoman empire until the nineteenth century

  Europe, East Europe, Turkey in Europe | Europe, South Europe, Greece
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greece
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
Image

1463 Incas conquer Chimu
The Chimu empire in Peru is conquered by the Incas under the leadership of Pachacuti's son Topa

  Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachacuti
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Incas
Image

1464 Turks conquer Bosnia
Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople
Image

1468 Albania falls to Turks
Skanderbeg dies and Albania becomes fully absorbed into the Ottoman empire

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB
Image

1478 Novgorod subdued by Russia
Ivan III subdues proudly independent Novgorod, removing the city's famous bell

  Europe, North Europe, Russia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shelon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible
Image

1483 Portuguese in Angola
The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river

  Africa, Central Africa, Congo, Dem. Republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_I_of_Kongo
Image

1487 Second Inca capital at Quito
The Inca empire is extended to the north and a second capital is established at Quito

  Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Quito
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Incas
Image

1489 Venice acquires Cyprus
Venice's annexation of Cyprus completes a useful chain of islands stretching to the eastern Mediterranean

  Europe, East Europe, Other | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Cyprus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Cornaro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Boustronios
Image

1490 Habsburgs recover Vienna
On the death of Matthias Corvinus, in 1490, the Habsburgs recover Vienna from the Hungarians

  Europe, Central Europe, Austria | Europe, East Europe, Hungary
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus_House
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Szil%C3%A1gyi
Image

1492 Christians take Granada
The army of Ferdinand and Isabella besieges and takes the city of Granada, completing the long reconquest of Spain from the Muslims

  Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile
Image

1496 Santo Domingo first Spanish colony
Diego Columbus, brother of the explorer, establishes the first secure Spanish colony at Santo Domingo

  Latin America, Caribbean, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Columbus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_de_Col%C3%B3n
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo
Image

1500 Portuguese in Mozambique
The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique
Image

1500 New diseases ravage America
European diseases bring death on a massive scale to an American population that has no immunity

  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Science, Medicine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_disease
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas
Image

1502 Da Gama imposes trade agreement
Vasco da Gama wins a trading treaty for Portuguese merchants after bombarding the Indian port of Calicut into submission

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, India (republic)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Calicut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama
Image

1503 Portuguese trade from Zanzibar
The Portuguese set up a trading post on the east African island of Zanzibar

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution
Image

1505 Portuguese in Sri Lanka
The Portuguese establish a presence in Sri Lanka, trading in the island's crop of cinammon

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom
Image

1510 Portuguese in Goa
The Portuguese seize Goa and make it their colonial capital in India

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, India (republic)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_trance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque
Image

1511 Portuguese seize Malacca
The Portuguese take control of Malacca, in the Malay peninsula, as a base for trade further east

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_City
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca
Image

1512 Portuguese in Moluccas
The Portuguese make treaties in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands), to trade in cloves and nutmeg

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonialism_in_the_East_Indies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku
Image

1513 Balboa sees Pacific
Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific coast and claims the ocean for the king of Spain

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Pacific
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama
Image

1514 Portuguese garrison on Hormuz
The Portuguese capture Hormuz and establish a garrison to control the Gulf of Oman

  Asia, West Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ormuz
Image

1515 Spaniards conquer Cuba
The Spanish complete the conquest of Cuba and establish the town of Havana

  Latin America, Caribbean, Cuba
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Havana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana,_Illinois
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1515_establishments_in_the_Spanish_West_Indies
Image

1519 Cortes seeks fortune in Mexico
The Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes lands on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses and about 20 guns

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Cort%C3%A9s,_Cuernavaca
Image

1519 Cortes captures Aztec emperor
Cortes and his tiny force capture Montezuma, ruler of the mighty Aztec empire, in his palace at Tenochtitlan

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moctezuma_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Cort%C3%A9s,_Cuernavaca
Image

1520 Cortes loses Tenochtitlan
Cortes loses control of Tenochtitlan and has to escape in haste with his men during 'the Sorrowful Night'

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Noche_Triste
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Malinche
Image

1521 Turks take Belgrade
The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade

  Europe, East Europe, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_Suleiman_the_Magnificent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrem_Sultan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgradkap%C4%B1
Image

1521 Cortes recaptures Tenochtitlan
After a little more than a year Cortes recaptures Tenochtitlan and finally establishes Spanish control over Mexico

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan
Image

1525 Conquistadors first European Americans
The conquistadors, settling on land granted to them after the conquest, begin the long process of European emigration to America

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Conquistadors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_San_Diego_Conquistadors_season
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Conquistadores
Image

1530 Muslim holy war against Ethiopia
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim leads Muslim Somalis in a holy war against Christian Ethiopia, destroying churches and shrines

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AAhmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi
Image

1530 Pizarro sails to conquer Peru
Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru

  Latin America, Central America, Other | Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro,_Nari%C3%B1o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire
Image

1531 Aztec Virgin seen at Guadalupe
The Aztec Virgin of Guadalupe appears to an Indian near Mexico City and tells him she is 'one of his kind'

  Latin America, Central America, Mexico
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonantzin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Diego
Image

1531 Pizarro invades Inca territory
Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire

  Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro,_Nari%C3%B1o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pun%C3%A1
Image

1532 Pizarro captures Inca
Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive

  Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atahualpa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro,_Nari%C3%B1o
Image

1532 Room full of gold
Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver

  Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_Room
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atahualpa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atahualpa_Yupanqui
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro
Image

1533 Ransom paid but Inca executed
Although the ransom has been paid, Atahualpa is executed by the Spaniards — who ensure that he dies a Christian

  Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atahualpa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atahualpa_Yupanqui
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Santos_Atahualpa
Image

1533 Spaniards sack Cuzco
The Spanish conquistadors capture and sack the Inca capital of Cuzco, high in the Andes

  Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cusco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Conquistadors
Image

1534 Portuguese acquire Bombay
The Portuguese force the local ruler to cede to them the island of Bombay

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mumbai
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_cat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidency
Image

1536 Manco Inca besieges Cuzco
Manco Inca begins a siege of the Spaniards in Cuzco that lasts for a year

  Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Peru/Selected_battles/11
Image

1537 Siege of Cuzco ends
With the end of the siege of Cuzco, and the flight of Manco Inca, the Spanish have full control of Peru

  Latin America, South America, Peru
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac
Image

1541 Turks take Buda
Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary

  Europe, East Europe, Hungary
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_Suleiman_the_Magnificent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Baba
Image

1542 Spanish laws to protect Indians
New Laws are passed in Spain, in an attempt to protect the Indians on the encomiendas of Spanish America

  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Laws
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid_debate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Burgos
Image

1545 Silver found in Bolivia
Rich seams of silver are discovered at Potosi, in modern Bolivia

  Latin America, South America, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potos%C3%AD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Rico
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_silver_trade_from_the_16th_to_19th_centuries
Image

1548 La Paz on silver route
La Paz is founded on the trade route between Lima and the newly discovered silver mines at Potosi

  Latin America, South America, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potos%C3%AD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_La_Paz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz,_Baja_California_Sur
Image

1549 Bahia is capital of Brazil
The first Portuguese governor general of Brazil selects Bahia (now Salvador) as his capital

  Latin America, South America, Brazil
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1549
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitals_of_Brazil
Image

1557 Portuguese trade from Macao
The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Macau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Venetian_Macao
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macao_Beach
Image

1571 Philippines a Spanish colony
The Spanish governor general, Legazpi, makes his capital at Manila,and names the surrounding islands the Philippines after Philip II

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Philippines
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Philip_II_of_Spain
Image

1573 Venice cedes Cyprus to Turks
Venice cedes the island of Cyprus to the Turks, in spite of the Christian victory at Lepanto two years earlier

  Europe, East Europe, Other | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_order_of_battle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Bragadin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus
Image

1583 Newfoundland for England
Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland on behalf of England's queen Elizabeth

  North America, Canada | Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_Sir_Humphrey_Gilbert
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II
Image

1585 Settlers on Roanoke Island
Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina, is settled by the first English colonists in America – with disastrous results

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roanoke_Island
Image

1585 White depicts American Indians
The English artist John White paints the everyday life of the Secotan Indians of America

  North America, USA
  Arts, Painting, drawing | Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Social, domestic
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secotan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasamongueponke
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingina
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony
Image

1587 Raleigh sends settlers to Virginia
A new group of English settlers arrives at Roanoke Island and makes a second attempt at a settlement

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roanoke_Island
Image

1587 English girl born in America
Virginia Dare becomes the first English child to be born in America, on Roanoke Island

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananias_Dare
Image

1607 Flight of the Earls
The earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel sail from Ireland with their families, in the event known as the Flight of the Earls

  Europe, West Europe, Britain | Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Tyrconnell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese
Image

1607 British settlers in Jamestown
Colonists establish the first lasting British settlement in the new world, at Jamestown

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jamestown_colonists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena
Image

1608 Smith saved by Pocahontas?
John Smith claims (many years later) that when captured by Indians he was saved from execution by Pocahontas, daughter of the chief

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Polish_craftsmen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan
Image

1609 British castaways on Bermuda
Castaways from an English vessel reach Bermuda, which becomes the first British island in the new world

  Latin America, Caribbean, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Venture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_national_football_team
Image

1613 Pocahontas seized by Jamestown colonists
The American Indian princess Pocahontas is taken hostage by Jamestown colonists in the first Anglo-Powhatan war

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passapatanzy,_Virginia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622
Image

1614 Pocahontas marries
Pocahontas is baptized a Christian and marries John Rolfe, one of the Jamestown colonists

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rolfe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rolfe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas,_Arkansas
Image

1616 John Smith describes New England
John Smith publishes A Description of New England, an account of his exploration of the region in 1614

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Literature, Other | Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Description_of_New_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Colonies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622
Image

1619 Dutch establish Batavia
Jan Pieterszoon Coen destroys the town of Jakarta, on the coast of Java, and rebuilds it as a Dutch trading centre under the name Batavia

  Asia, East Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jakarta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen
Image

1620 September 16 Pilgrims sail west
The Pilgrims (or Pilgrim Fathers), a group of 102 English settlers, sail in the Mayflower to the new world

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayflower_passengers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower,_Arkansas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers_Church
Image

1620 November 11 Pilgrims sign Mayflower Compact
Ten days after their first landfall, at Cape Cod, the adult males on the Mayflower agree a form of government for their new colony

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Compact
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Compact_signatories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers_Church
Image

1620 December 26 Settlers found a new Plymouth
The Pilgrims on the Mayflower select a place for their settlement, and give it the name of Plymouth, their port of departure in England

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower,_Arkansas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony
Image

1620 History of Plimmoth Plantation
William Bradford begins a journal of the Pilgrims' experience in New England, subsequently published (in 1856) as History of Plymouth Plantation

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimoth_Plantation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Rock
Image

1621 autumn Turkeys in Mayflower thanksgiving
The Mayflower settlers in Plymouth offer thanksgiving for their first harvest, eating turkeys in a celebration shared by local Indians

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Social, domestic
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower,_Arkansas
Image

1621 Bradford is governor of Plymouth
William Bradford, one of the Pilgrims from the Mayflower, is elected governor of the new Plymouth Colony

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Democracy, dissent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winslow
Image

1621 Dutch promote transatlantic colonization
The Dutch West India Company is chartered to trade and found colonies anywhere along the entire American coast

  Europe, West Europe, Benelux
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_West_India_Company_trading_posts_and_settlements
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_West_India_Company
Image

1622 Jamestown at war with Indians
A sudden attack by Powhatan Indians, led by their chieftain Opechancanough against the English colony at Jamestown, results in the death of more than 300 settlers

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonestown
Image

1625 Dutch control Spice Islands trade
The Dutch gradually exclude the Portuguese from the immensely lucrative trade in cloves from the Spice Islands (or Moluccas)

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Islands
Image

1626 New Amsterdam on Manhattan
Peter Minuit purchases the island of Manhattan from local Indians and calls the place New Amsterdam

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Minuit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Peter_Minuit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1626
Image

1627 Barbados early British colony
A British colony is founded in Barbados and within fifteen years has 18,000 settlers

  Latin America, Caribbean, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Barbados
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_national_football_team
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations
Image

1630 Colonies on Guiana coast
Rival Dutch, English and French colonies are established in Guiana, the northeast coast of south America

  Latin America, South America, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana
Image

1630 Puritans set sail for Massachusetts
John Winthrop, appointed governor of the new Massachusetts Bay Company, sails from England with 700 settlers

  Europe, West Europe, Britain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_Massachusetts_Bay_Company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_Fleet
Image

1630 Settlers choose Boston
John Winthrop selects the site of Boston for the first Massachusetts settlement

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_Fleet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop_the_Younger
Image

1630 Winthrop begins a journal
John Winthrop, arriving in Massachusetts, begins the journal that is eventually published as The History Of New England

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_Fleet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England
Image

1632 Maryland haven for Catholics
Maryland is granted to Lord Baltimore as a haven for English Roman Catholics

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Calvert,_1st_Baron_Baltimore
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore
Image

1633 Williamsburg founded in Virginia
Williamsburg, first known as Middle Plantation, is founded in Virginia

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruton_Parish_Church
Image

1636 Religious freedom in Rhode Island
Rhode Island is founded by Roger Williams as a colony based on the principle of religious tolerance

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations
Image

1637 Pequot War
War between English colonists and Pequot Indians brings disaster to the Pequots but safeguards the settlement of Connecticut

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequot_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_massacre
Image

1638 French trading station in Senegal
The French build a trading station on the estuary of the Senegal river in west Africa

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa
Image

1641 Dutch control Malacca trade
The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their trading posts in Malacca

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Malacca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_City
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca
Image

1644 British build fort at Madras
The British East India Company completes the construction of Fort St George in Madras

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, India (republic)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_St._George
Image

1647 Stuyvesant rules Dutch colony
Peter Stuyvesant begins a 17-year spell as director-general of the Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Kieft
Image

1649 Russian empire expands to Pacific
The Russian empire, expanding eastwards through Siberia, reaches the Pacific coast

  Asia, East Asia, Other | Europe, North Europe, Russia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadyrsk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhotsk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Siberia
Image

1649 Massacre by Cromwell in Drogheda
Cromwell captures the royalist stronghold of Drogheda and massacres some 2800 people

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Drogheda
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Wexford
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell
Image

1650 Dutch destroy Spice Island cloves
To protect their market, the Dutch destroy all clove trees in the Moluccas except on two islands, Amboina and Ternate

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island
Image

1652 Dutch in South Africa
Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
  south-africa
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony
Image

1655 British in Jamaica
The British, settling in Jamaica, soon turn the island into the major slave market of the West Indies

  Latin America, Caribbean, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil
Image

1656 Dutch take over in Sri Lanka
After a six-month siege, the Dutch capture Colombo from the Portuguese in Sri Lanka

  Asia, South Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon
Image

1657 Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves
The Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves to do domestic and agricultural work

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Slavery
  south-africa
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaners
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1650s_in_South_Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony
Image

1658 English and Scots own most of Ireland
Parliamentary reprisals against the rebellious Irish result in two thirds of Ireland's land being owned by the English or the Scots

  Europe, West Europe, Ireland
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people
Image

1658 Dutch control Sri Lanka trade
The Dutch expel the Portuguese from the last of their trading posts in Sri Lanka

  Asia, South Asia, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War
Image

1660 New France a royal province
Louis XIV grants New France the status of a royal province and greatly increases the flow of colonists to north America

  North America, Canada
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660s_in_Canada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV
Image

1661 British fort on the Gambia
The British establish Fort James on an island in the Gambia river

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_James
Image

1664 Dutch yield New Amsterdam to British
Peter Stuyvesant accepts the reality of the military situation and yields New Amsterdam to the British without a shot being fired

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York
Image

1666 New Amsterdam becomes New York
New Amsterdam is renamed New York by the recently established English regime

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_in_New_York_City
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City
Image

1667 Treaty of Breda
In the treaty of Breda, England keeps New Amsterdam and New Netherland, and Holland keeps the English-held territory of Surinam

  Latin America, South America, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Diplomacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War
Image

1668 French press south from Great Lakes
The Jesuits establish a mission at Sault Sainte Marie which becomes the starting point for French exploration south of the Great Lakes

  North America, Canada
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario
Image

1668 East India Company acquires Bombay
England's East India Company is granted a lease on Bombay by Charles II, who has received it from his Portuguese bride

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, India (republic)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza
Image

1669 French have designs on Ohio valley
Robert de La Salle makes his first exploration of the Ohio valley, providing the basis for France's later claim to the area

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_la_Salle
Image

1674 Sewall begins his diary
Samuel Sewall begins a diary of daily life in Boston, Massachusetts, that will span a period of more than fifty years

  North America, USA
  Literature, Other | Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Social, domestic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Sewall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Haugh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hathorne
Image

1675 Indian uprising in New England
A sudden uprising by the Wampanoag Indians against the new England settlements begins the conflict known as King Philip's War

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusett_language
Image

1681 Penn gets Pennsylvania
Charles II grants William Penn the charter for the region that becomes Pennsylvania, in settlement of a debt to Penn's father

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania
Image

1682 French claim whole length of Mississippi
Robert de la Salle travels down the Mississippi to its mouth and claims the entire region for France, naming it Louisiana

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Br%C3%A9hant_de_Galin%C3%A9e
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Prudhomme
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)
Image

1682 Liberal Pennsylvania
William Penn approves the Great Law, allowing complete freedom of religious belief in Pennsylvania

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_of_Government_of_Pennsylvania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers
Image

1682 Penn in agreement with Indians
William Penn achieves peace for Pennsylvania by negotiating a treaty with the local Lenape (or Delaware) tribes

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Diplomacy
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Shackamaxon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%27s_Treaty_with_the_Indians
Image

1683 Mennonites settle in Pennsylvania
Mennonites and other from Germany (later known as the Pennsylvania Dutch) begin to settle in Penn's liberal colony

  North America, USA
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language
Image

1690 French garrison in Pondicherry
France by now has six fortified trading settlements around the coast of India, of which Pondicherry is the most important

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, India (republic)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondicherry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93India_relations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_India
Image

1690 Falkland Islands named
John Strong, landing on some remote Atlantic islands, names them after Viscount Falkland, treasurer of the British navy

  Latin America, South America, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Sound
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strong_(mariner)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Cary,_5th_Viscount_Falkland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands
Image

1696 Peter the Great swoops on Azov
Peter the Great makes an unexpected raid down the river Don and captures Azov from the Crimean Tatars

  Europe, North Europe, Russia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov_Battalion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov
Image

1696 East India Company establishes Calcutta
Fort St William is built by the East India Company in the Ganges delta, and subsequently develops into Calcutta

  Asia, South Asia, India (subcontinent) | Asia, South Asia, India (republic)
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India
Image

1697 France acquires Saint-Domingue
In the Treaty of Rijswijk, Spain cedes the western half of Hispaniola to France, which names its new colony Saint-Domingue

  Latin America, Caribbean, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Diplomacy