Africa
by Derek Gerlach

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Image

15 million years ago Large primates happy at ground level
A primate of this period, at ease both in the trees and on the ground, is probably the common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Science, Life sciences
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolutionary_genetics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor
Image

6 million years ago Apes walk tall
Various species of ape develop the habit of walking upright on two feet

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Science, Life sciences
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danuvius_guggenmosi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_That_Walks_on_All_Fours
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultative_bipedalism
Image

4.5m. years ago First hominids
Certain primates, in eastern and southern Africa, are by now sufficiently like humans to be classed as hominids

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Science, Life sciences
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neanderthal_Parallax
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominini
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution
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3.2 million years ago Lucy in Ethiopia
A female of the species Australopithecus Afarensis (nicknamed Lucy when her skeleton is found), lives in the Afar Depression in Ethiopia within 50 miles of where her predecessor Ardi was unearthed

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia
  Science, Archaeology | Science, Life sciences
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_Triangle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danakil_Depression
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus
Image

1.6 million years ago Nariokotome Boy in Kenya
A Homo erectus boy, aged about ten, lives near Lake Turkana in Kenya and dies at Nariokotome

  Africa, East Africa, Kenya
  Science, Archaeology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster
Image

30,000 years ago Rock paintings in Namibia
Painted and engraved images, on the rock face in a cave near Twyfelfontein in Namibia, date from this period

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Arts, Painting, drawing
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Twyfelfontein_Namibia.JPG
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyfelfontein
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twyfelfontein.jpg
Image

5000 BC Hippopotamus in Sahara
The Sahara, damp enough for the hippopotamus, supports neolithic communities until it begins to dry up in about 3000 BC

  Africa, Central Africa, Other
  Science, Archaeology
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_rock_art
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mauritania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Chad
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4400 BC First evidence of loom
The first evidence of a loom comes from this period in Egypt, but some simple method of holding the warp must be as old as weaving

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Science, Archaeology | Technology, Inventions, discoveries
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_weaving
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_silk
Image

4000 BC Plough pulled by humans
A simple hand-held plough is in use in Egypt and Mesopotamia, at least 1000 years before a heavier version is pulled by oxen

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Asia, West Asia, Iraq
  Technology, Inventions, discoveries
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture
Image

3100 BC First dynasty in Egypt
Upper and Lower Egypt are unified into a single kingdom, inaugurating the first Egyptian dynasty

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer
Image

3100 BC Egyptian murals designed for next world
The Egyptians paint murals on the walls of tombs, designed to help the occupants in the next world

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Painting, drawing | Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QV66
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekhen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural
Image

3100 BC Egyptians write in hieroglyphs
The Egyptian hieroglyphic script develops at much the same time as the Sumerian cuneiform

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Culture, education
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decipherment_of_ancient_Egyptian_scripts
Image

3100 BC Pharaoh seen in personal triumph
The pharaoh Narmer celebrates a victory with a sculpted relief showing his personal dominance over the enemy

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Sculpture
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer_Palette
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer_Macehead
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpopard
Image

3000 BC Papyrus made from reeds
An easily portable writing surface is developed, from the papyrus plant of the Nile

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Culture, education
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology
Image

3000 BC Leverage applied
The lever is in use in both Mesopotamia and Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Asia, West Asia, Iraq
  Technology, Inventions, discoveries
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_engineering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadoof
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever
Image

3000 BC Ass domesticated in Egypt
The ass, until now roaming wild from northeast Africa to Mesopotamia, is domesticated in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Social, domestic
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_animals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_wild_ass
Image

3000 BC Gold in use as currency
The earliest known currency, consisting of gold bars, is in use in Egypt and Mespotamia

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Asia, West Asia, Iraq
  Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_coin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekel
Image

3000 BC Earliest board game - senet
The world's earliest known board game, senet, is played in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Sports, games
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game
Image

2781 BC Egyptians invent calendar
Sirius rises in this year on the first day of the first Egyptian month - a rare event which possibly launches the Egyptian calendar system

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Science, Astronomy, space
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_calendar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sothic_cycle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_calendar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy
Image

2620 BC Chief minister builds pyramid for pharaoh
Imhotep creates the first pyramid - the 'step pyramid' at Saqqara - as a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Architecture
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoser
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhotep
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara
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2580 BC Old Kingdom in Egypt
Egypt enters the period known as the Old Kingdom, its first era of monumental architecture

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt
Image

2500 BC World's largest pyramid
The first and largest of the three great pyramids at Giza is built for the pharaoh Khufu, later known to the Greeks as Cheops

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Architecture | Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza
Image

2500 BC Boat of cedar planks
A boat of cedar planks, some 44 metres long, is buried at Giza

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu_ship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex
Image

2500 BC Sphinx carved from rock
The largest sculpture of the ancient world, a sphinx with the face of the pharaoh Khufu, is carved in situ at Giza

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Sculpture
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex
Image

2500 BC Mummification introduced in Egypt
To preserve bodies in perpetuity, the Egyptian ruling class develops the elaborate and lengthy process of mummifying an eviscerated corpse

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification_Museum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_mummy
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2500 BC Cats win meal ticket
It is not known when cats are first domesticated, but from the start of Egyptian civilization they are sacred animals in temples

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_in_ancient_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_animals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastet
Image

2500 BC Household goods and servants in Egyptian tombs
To ensure continued comfort in the afterlife, rich Egyptians have models placed in their tombs of the necessary servants and utensils

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goods
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puabi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt
Image

2000 BC Middle Kingdom in Egypt
Mentuhotep II wins control of all Egypt, establishing the period known as the Middle Kingdom

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs
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2000 BC Bantu tribes move south through Africa
Bantu-speaking tribes begin to spread through Africa, from their original homelands south of the Sahara

  Africa, Central Africa, Other
  Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_expansion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages
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2000 BC Khoisan inhabit most of Africa
Africa south of the equatorial forests is largely inhabited by the Khoisan, of whom the San and the Hottentots are the modern survivors

  Africa, Central Africa, Other
  Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisan_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoekhoe
Image

2000 BC Thebes becomes Egyptian capital
The centre of power in Egypt moves to the interior, with the capital at Thebes rather than Memphis

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt
Image

1850 BC Wrestling in Egypt
Wrestlers are painted on the walls of an Egyptian tomb, performing most of the holds and falls still in use today

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Sports, games
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wrestling
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Hasan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqet_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling
Image

1750 BC First exam question
The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, copied out by Ahmes, an Egyptian scribe, offers some of the world's first exam questions

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Science, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus_2/n_table
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_multiplication
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1700 BC Hebrews captive in Egypt
The biblical account suggests that around this period the Hebrews are a captive tribe in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Migration | Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrews
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus
Image

1630 BC Hyksos in Egypt
The Hyksos, arriving from the middle east, win control of Egypt and rule for a century

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apepi
Image

1550 BC Book of the Dead in Egypt
Egyptian tombs include paintings of a kind to help the occupants in the next world, whether in the Book of the Dead or on the walls

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Painting, drawing | Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Nebamun
Image

1540 BC New Kingdom in Egypt
The New Kingdom begins in Egypt, bringing the most spectacular of all the dynasties

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt
Image

1540 BC Osiris gives promise of resurrection
The god Osiris, in his tall white headdress, represents in Egyptian tombs the idea of resurrection in the next world

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris_myth
Image

1520 BC Pharaoh pushes far up Nile
Thutmose I extends Egyptian control as far up the Nile as Abu Hamad

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hamad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Hamad_locator_map.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III
Image

1500 BC Trumpets in Egypt
A copper trumpet is in use in Egypt, forerunner of the brass instruments of the orchestra

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Performing arts, Music
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_trumpets
Image

1500 BC Jews adopt circumcision
The Jews adopt a long-established Egyptian ritual - the circumcision of boys

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Judaism | Society, Social, domestic
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_circumcision
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_circumcision
Image

1500 BC Columns of Karnak and Luxor
The temples of Karnak and Luxor, in ancient Thebes, introduce the massive stone architecture of column and lintel

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Architecture
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak
Image

1500 BC Amen and Re merge as super-god
The gods Amen and Re are merged at Thebes as Amen-Re, the most important deity in the Egyptian pantheon

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak
Image

1490 BC Female pharaoh in Egypt
Hatshepsut takes power in Egypt, and is unusual in being a female pharaoh

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_Temple_of_Hatshepsut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depiction_of_Hatshepsut%27s_birth_and_coronation
Image

1450 BC Coloured glass an Egyptian luxury
Rich Egyptian households have the latest luxury items, small bottles of coloured glass to hold cosmetics

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Decorative arts | Society, Social, domestic
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_glass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamelled_glass
Image

1400 BC Water clock in Egypt
The clepsydra, or water clock, is developed in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Technology, Inventions, discoveries
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clepsydra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius
Image

1380 BC Great temple at Luxor
The pharaoh Amenhotep III commissions the great temple to Amen-Re at Luxor

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Architecture | Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re
Image

1353 BC Amenhotep becomes Akhenaten
The Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep IV adopts a new deity, Aten, and changes his name to Akhenaten

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV
Image

1350 BC Akhenaten builds new city
The pharaoh Akhenaten creates a new capital city on the Nile at Tell el Amarna

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tomb_of_Akhenaten
Image

1345 BC Amarna letters
The Amarna letters, an invaluable collection of cuneiform tablets, are written at the court of the pharaoh Akhenaten

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Science, Archaeology | Society, Culture, education
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tomb_of_Akhenaten
Image

1340 BC Nefertiti sits for her portrait
One of the regular sitters to the court sculptor Thutmose is the pharaoh's wife, Nefertiti

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Sculpture
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_(sculptor)
Image

1333 BC Tutankhaten becomes Tutankhamun
With the return to favour of the god Amen, the young Tutankhaten's name is changed to Tutankhamun

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten
Image

1324 BC Tutankhamun is buried
The young Egyptian pharaoh, Tutankhamun, dies and is buried in a suitable tomb

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Tutankhamun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Carter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask_of_Tutankhamun
Image

1279 BC Ramses II begins long reign
Ramses II, perhaps the greatest of Egypt's pharaohs, begins a reign of sixty-six years

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Ramesses_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel
Image

1275 BC Hittites and Egyptians clash at Kadesh
An indecisve battle between the Hittites and the Egyptians, at Kadesh, stabilizes the frontier between the two empires

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria
  War, Battles | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hittites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadesh
Image

1250 BC Temple at Abu Simbel
Ramses II creates a spectacular temple in his own honour at Abu Simbel

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Architecture
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertari
Image

950 BC Libyan dynasty in Egypt
Libyans in the Egyptian army take control of the nation and rule as pharaohs

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornakht
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshwesh
Image

814 BC Carthage founded
The traditional date of the founding of Carthage (supposedly by the mythical queen Dido, but in practice by Phoenicians)

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Carthage
Image

800 BC Sundial in Egypt
The earliest surviving sundial is in use in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Technology, Inventions, discoveries
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sundials
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt
Image

719 BC Cushite dynasty in Egypt
The king of Cush, or Nubia, conquers down the Nile to the sea, establishing the Cushite dynasty

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitic_languages
Image

700 BC Simpler hieroglyphs
Egyptian scribes develop an abbreviated version of hieroglyphs for everyday use, in the script known as demotic ('for the people')

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Culture, education
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demotic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs
Image

663 BC Assyrians invade Egypt
The Egyptian city of Memphis falls to an Assyrian army, soon to be followed by Thebes

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Thebes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people
Image

612 BC Egyptians defeated by Babylonians
The Babylonians defeat an Egyptian army at Carchemish, but do not press on into Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Asia, West Asia, Turkey
  War, Battles | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carchemish
Image

600 BC Isis reassembles her husband
Isis, who is able to restore her husband Osiris after he has been chopped into pieces, becomes one of the most popular deities in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris_myth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis
Image

600 BC Phoenicians sail round Africa
Phoenicians sail round the Cape of Good Hope and bring back the surprising news that the sun was seen to the north of them

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic | Asia, West Asia, Lebanon and Syria
  Society, Transport, travel
  south-africa
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia
Image

550 BC Carthaginian colony on Atlantic coast
Larache is founded as a Carthaginian colony on the Atlantic coast of Africa

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larache
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larache_expedition
Image

525 BC Persians invade Egypt
The Persians defeat an Egyptian army at Pelusium and then capture Memphis

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelusium
Image

515 BC Darius links Nile and Red Sea
The Persian emperor Darius I constructs a canal linking the Nile to the Red Sea

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Technology, Engineering
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_of_the_Pharaohs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Darius_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great%27s_Suez_Inscriptions
Image

500 BC First Ethiopian kingdom
The rulers of Aksum, the first Ethiopian kingdom, claim descent from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon
Image

500 BC Nok terracotta figures
Nok terracotta figures, found in modern Nigeria, stand at the beginning of the rich tradition of African sculpture

  Africa, West Africa, Nigeria
  Arts, Decorative arts
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nok_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nok
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nok_terracotta_figurine.jpg
Image

460 BC Greeks support revolt in Egypt
Forces of the Delian League assist the Egyptians in a successful revolt against their Persian rulers

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Protest, revolution | War, Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delian_League
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/460_BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaros_II
Image

454 BC Greek disaster on Nile
The Greeks suffer a major reverse when their fleet is trapped on the Nile and destroyed by the Persians

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  War, Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaros_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/450s_BC
Image

450 BC Herodotus inspects mummy
The Greek historian Herodotus visits Egypt and provides, among many other details, an account of the process of mummification

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Literature, Other | Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus_Machine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification_Museum
Image

332 BC Alexander founds Alexandria
While in Egypt, Alexander founds Alexandria – the best known of the many towns he establishes to spread Greek culture

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
Image

from 323 BC Alexander's legacy - the Hellenistic age
The spread of Greek rule by Alexander introduces the Hellenistic age, which will last for three centuries

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece
Image

323 BC Ptolemy rules in Egypt
In the carve up of Alexander the Great's empire, Ptolemy wins Egypt and founds the Ptolemaic dynasty – with himself as the pharaoh Ptolemy I

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great
Image

322 BC Alexander's corpse in Alexandria
Alexander's corpse, hijacked by Ptolemy, becomes a sacred relic in Alexandria

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great
Image

320 BC Ptolemy founds museum
Ptolemy begins to transform Alexandria into a centre of Greek culture, founding his famous 'museum' and library

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Culture, education
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty
Image

300 BC Euclid teaches geometry
Euclid, teaching at the museum in Alexandria, writes what becomes Europe's standard textbook on geometry

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Science, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements
Image

280 BC Jewish diaspora in Alexandria
The Jewish community of Alexandria coins the word diaspora for Jews living far from Israel

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Egypt
Image

280 BC Human vivisection in Alexandria
The Alexandrian school of medicine develops an alarming form of clinical anatomy – human vivisection

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Science, Medicine
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisection
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratus
Image

280 BC Lighthouse at Alexandria
A great lighthouse, subsequently one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is built on the island of Pharos, off Alexandria

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Sculpture
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World
Image

280 BC Septuagint in Alexandria
The Jews of Alexandria commission the Greek translation of the Old Testament which becomes known as the Septuagint

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Literature, Other | Religion, Judaism
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint_manuscripts
Image

264 BC First Punic War
A clash in Sicily, between Rome and Carthage, leads to the First Punic War

  Africa, North Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://interactive-history.app/the-punic-wars/264bce
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lutatius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars
Image

260 BC Early library catalogue
The 500,000 scrolls in the library at Alexandria are listed in a catalogue, which itself runs to 120 scrolls

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Culture, education
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinakes
Image

260 BC Rapid-response fleet for Rome
A Carthaginian quinquereme, captured by the Romans, is used as the model for the first Roman fleet - constructed in two months

  Africa, North Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  War, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae
Image

250 BC Mechanical organ in Alexandria
The organ, using a mechanical device to pump air through a set of musical pipes, is invented in Alexandria by Ctesibius

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Performing arts, Music
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_organ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ
Image

250 BC Alchemy in Alexandria
The first alchemists, working in Alexandria, are also the world's first experimental chemists

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Science, Chemistry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alchemists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy
Image

241 BC End of First Punic War
A Roman naval victory at Trapani, off the northwest tip of Sicily, completes the blockade of the Carthaginians and ends the First Punic War

  Africa, North Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  War, Battles | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lutatius
Image

218 BC Hannibal crosses Alps
Hannibal crosses the Alps with his elephants, beginning the Second Punic War

  Africa, North Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://interactive-history.app/the-punic-wars/218bce
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War
Image

202 BC Hannibal loses at Zama
Hannibal suffers his first decisive defeat by a Roman army, at an unidentified site in north Africa called Zama

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  War, Battles | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zama
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Africanus
Image

196 BC Text inscribed on Rosetta Stone
The text of the Rosetta stone is chiselled into a black basalt slab in the three scripts hieroglyphic Egyptian, demotic Egyptian, and Greek

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Culture, education
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demotic
Image

149 BC Third Punic War
Rome picks a quarrel with Carthage to begin the Third Punic War

  Africa, North Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Punic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Third_Punic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Third_Punic_War
Image

146 BC Destruction of Carthage ends Punic Wars
Carthage is destroyed by the Romans at the end of the Third Punic War

  Africa, North Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://interactive-history.app/the-punic-wars/146bce
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Punic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars
Image

80 BC Pompey is Great
The 26-year-old Pompey conducts such a successful campaign in Africa that his soldiers hail him as Pompey the Great

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey
Image

51 BC Cleopatra rules
In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Cleopatra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Cleopatra
Image

48 BC Caesar dallies with Cleopatra
Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48_BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Cleopatra
Image

46 BC Caesar founds town at Carthage
A town is founded by Julius Caesar on the ruined site of Carthage, and eventually flourishes as Colonia Julia Carthago

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Junonia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
Image

30 BC Asp in Cleopatra's bosom
Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast,

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Cleopatra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Cleopatra
Image

30 BC Rome controls Mediterranean
With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom
Image

50
The earliest surviving written text provides evidence of the Mahayana version of Buddhism, which today is the largest of the Buddhist sects

  Africa, Central Africa, Congo, Dem. Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana
Image

69 Vespasian proclaimed emperor
Vespasian, proclaimed emperor by his troops in Alexandria, is the survivor among this year's four emperors

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Vespasian_and_Titus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavian_dynasty
Image

75 Hero uses steam
Hero, a Greek scientist in Alexandria, devises various forms of steam engine

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Technology, Engineering
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron%27s_fountain
Image

75 Hero invents theodolite
The dioptra, developed by Hero of Alexandria for surveying land, is an early form of theodolite

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Technology, Inventions, discoveries
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite
Image

100 Isis acquires a following in Rome
A cult develops in Rome of the Egyptian goddess Isis, credited with restoring to life her hushand, Osiris, after he has been hacked to pieces

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis
Image

100 Roman portraits in hot wax
Realistic portraits, done in hot wax and preserved in coffins at Fayyum, vividly depict inhabitants of Roman Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Arts, Painting, drawing
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum_Oasis
Image

150 Ptolemy sums up science
Ptolemy writes in Alexandria an encyclopedic account of Greek scientific theory in cosmology, astronomy and geography

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Science, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabiblos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model
Image

244 Plotinus moves to Rome
Plotinus, moving from Alexandria to Rome, teaches the influential philosophy later known as Neo-Platonism

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Literature, Philosophy
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism
Image

250 Very old Roman socks
Roman socks, surviving in dry Egyptian tombs, are the earliest known examples of knitting

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Technology, Inventions, discoveries
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knitting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology
Image

258 Cyprian martyred in Carthage
Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, is one of many Christians martyred for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Persecution, repression | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_of_Carthage
Image

300 Anthony hallucinates in desert
St Anthony, one of the early Christian hermits in the Egyptian desert, is tempted by terrifying hallucinations

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_in_visual_arts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony
Image

320 First Christian monastery
Pachomius organizes in Egypt the first community of Christian monks, at Dandara on the Nile

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera
Image

350 Cushite dynasty fades in Nubia
The Cushite dynasty fades away in Nubia, after lasting for 1000 years or more

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kush
Image

350 Christian bishop in Ethiopia
Frumentius, brought to Ethiopia as a slave, becomes the kingdom's first Christian bishop

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumentius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frumentius.jpg
Image

367 New Testament - contents agreed
A document is distributed by the bishop of Alexandria, formally establishing the contents of the New Testament

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_letter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria
Image

380 Earliest surviving New Testament
The Codex Sinaiticus, the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete New Testament, is copied out - probably in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus_Rescriptus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials
Image

400 Chaste, but not yet
St Augustine reveals that as a young man, studying and teaching in Carthage, he often prayed for 'chastity and continence, but not yet'

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abstinence
Image

413 Augustine emphasizes City of God
Prompted by the fall of Rome to the Visigoths, St Augustine undertakes a great work of Christian philosophy, the City of God

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Literature, Philosophy | Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_of_God
Image

439 Vandals capture Carthage
Gaiseric captures Carthage and makes it his base for Vandal raids across the Mediterranean

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Society, Migration | War, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiseric
Image

533 Belisarius wins back Carthage
The Byzantine general Belisarius recovers Carthage from the Vandals

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalic_War
Image

535 World's first castles
Belisarius, conquering the Vandals in north Africa, pioneers the strategic concept of the castle

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Arts, Architecture | War, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vandals
Image

543 Christianity in Sudan
Christianity reaches the kingdom of Dongola, in present-day Sudan

  Africa, East Africa, Sudan
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria
Image

642 Muslims capture Alexandria
The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria
Image

643 Coptic Christians isolated
The Coptic Christians of Egypt become isolated after the Muslim conquest

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt
Image

670 Muslim garrison at Kairouan
The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Sanusi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AMosque
Image

698 Carthage destroyed by Muslims
Carthage is captured from the Byzantines by the Arabs and is finally destroyed, though Tunis will later rise nearby

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Carthage
Image

700 New town for African slave trade
The African slave trade through the Sahara is so extensive that a new town, Zawila, is established as a trading station

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawila
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Drum
Image

700 Kingdom of Ghana
The ancient kingdom of Ghana is the first to be established at the southern end of the Saharan trade routes

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ghana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade
Image

711 Muslims cross into Spain
Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo

  Africa, North Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete
Image

780 Islam in east Africa
Islam reaches Shanga, off the east coast of Africa, with the building of a tiny wooden mosque

  Africa, East Africa, Kenya
  Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanga
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanga,_Pate_Island
Image

828 Bones of St Mark
The Venetians, acquiring from Alexandria some bones believed to be those of St Mark, build St Mark's to house the valuable relic

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Europe, South Europe, Italy
  Religion, Christianity
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Campanile
Image

862 Mosque at Kairouan acquires dome
During refurbishment of the mosque at Kairouan, in north Africa, a high fluted dome is added

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Arts, Architecture
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_arch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan
Image

870 Mameluke seizes power in Egypt
Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Mameluke, seizes power in Egypt - establishing his own Tulunid dynasty

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulunids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun
Image

969 Cairo founded by Fatimids
The Fatimids establish a new capital city on the Nile, calling it Al Kahira ('the victorious'), which becomes reduced to Cairo

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs
Image

1000 Salt mines of Sahara
The salt mines of the Sahara provide a staple commodity in the African caravan trade

  Africa, Central Africa, Other
  Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azalai
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghaza
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoudenni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade
Image

1000 Mapungubwe on the Limpopo
A trading centre at Mapungubwe, on the Limpopo, evolves into a state ruled by a king in a zimbabwe

  Africa, South Africa, Zimbabwe
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapungubwe_National_Park
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Mapungubwe
Image

1050 Islam reaches Lake Chad
Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad

  Africa, Central Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Alooma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria
Image

1050 Islam reaches Kilwa
A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kilwa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_coast
Image

1050 Kingdom of Ife
Ife emerges as a powerful kingdom in the equatorial forest of the lower Niger

  Africa, West Africa, Nigeria
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_entertainment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_Electoral
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Head_from_Ife
Image

1062 Almoravids in Marrakech
Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_Qubba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dinar
Image

1147 Almohads capture Marrakech
Rival Berber tribesmen, the Almohads, evict the Almoravids from Marrakech and soon conquer the whole north African coast

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_doctrine
Image

1171 Saladin rules in Egypt
Saladin deposes the Fatimid caliph and brings Egypt back to orthodoxy, acknowledging the rule of the Sunni caliph in Baghdad

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt
Image

1180 Maimonides in Cairo
In Cairo the Jewish philosoper Moses Maimonides writes, in Arabic, a much translated text with the endearing title Guide to the Perplexed

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Literature, Philosophy
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_for_the_Perplexed
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Perplexed
Image

1200 Terracotta figures in Jenne
Terracotta heads and figures are buried in graves in the region of Djenné in modern Mali

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Arts, Decorative arts | Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9-Djenno
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9_Cercle
Image

1219 St Francis in Egypt
St Francis of Assisi joins a crusading army in Egypt and attempts to convert the sultan Melek-el-Kamel and his followers to Christianity

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Religion, Christianity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi
Image

1240 Kingdom of Mali
A warlord, Sundiata, conquers Ghana and establishes the kingdom of Mali

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundiata_Keita
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Sundiata
Image

1250 Great Zimbabwe
The kingdom of Great Zimbabwe displaces Mapungubwe as the dominant Shona power in this region of southern Africa

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapungubwe_National_Park
Image

1250 Brass sculpture of Ife
The Yoruba people of Ife create extraordinary sculptures in brass

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Arts, Sculpture
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Head_from_Ife
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language
Image

1250 Mamelukes rule again in Egypt
The last sultan of Saladin's dynasty is murdered by slaves in the palace guard, and Mameluke rule is reintroduced in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muazzam_Turanshah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukes_of_the_Imperial_Guard
Image

1269 Marinids take Marrakech
The Marinids, a Berber tribe, take Marrakech and bring to an end Almohad rule in Morocco

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_al-Wathiq
Image

1270 Assassins destroyed by Mamelukes
The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukes_of_the_Imperial_Guard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_al-Zahir_Baybars
Image

1315 Islam replaces Christianity in Sudan
Islam replaces Christianity as the religion of the kings of Dongola, in present-day Sudan

  Africa, East Africa, Kenya
  Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne_Hall_of_Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dongola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1315
Image

1324 Mansa Musa impresses Cairo
Mansa Musa, sultan of the gold-rich African state of Mali, is so lavish in Cairo (on his way to Mecca) that the value of Egyptian gold slumps

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa_Musa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_%26_15th_century_Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_II
Image

1325 Ibn Batutah leaves home
Ibn Batutah leaves his home in Morocco to go on pilgrimage to Mecca, and continues travelling for 24 years

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_visited_by_Ibn_Battuta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_Mecca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa_Musa
Image

1329 Prester John now in Ethiopia
A friar, who has failed to find Prester John in the east, publishes a book proving that the fabulous king lives in Ethiopia

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia
  Religion, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prester_John
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Carignano
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography
Image

1446 Portugal claims Guinea
Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry | Society, Slavery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery
Image

1450 Ethiopian coffee in Arabia
Coffee, derived from wild plants in Ethiopia, is cultivated in Arabia

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia | Asia, West Asia, Other
  Society, Social, domestic
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coffee
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_coffee
Image

1466 Slaving monopoly for Portuguese settlers
The Portuguese settlers on the Cape Verde islands are granted a monopoly on the new slave trade

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery
Image

1480 Maravi Confederacy rules north of Zambezi
The Maravi Confederacy is formed by Bantu tribes and soon wins control over a large region between Lake Nyasa and the Zambezi

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maravi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia
Image

1480 Songhay benefit at expense of Mali
An increase in trade through the central Sahara benefits the Songhay, with their capital at Gao, at the expense of Mali

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office
Image

1483 Portuguese in Angola
The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river

  Africa, Central Africa, Congo, Dem. Republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_I_of_Kongo
Image

1488 Dias rounds Cape for Portugal
Bartolomeu Dias, sailing for the king of Portugal, becomes the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Society, Transport, travel
  south-africa
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRP_Bartolomeu_Dias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony
Image

1492 French plunder Portuguese
A French privateer off the west coast of Ghana is the first to plunder a Portuguese vessel carrying home African gold

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India
Image

1500 Portuguese in Mozambique
The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique
Image

1503 Portuguese trade from Zanzibar
The Portuguese set up a trading post on the east African island of Zanzibar

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution
Image

1517 Ottomans end Mameluke rule
The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukes_of_the_Imperial_Guard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_II
Image

1530 Muslim holy war against Ethiopia
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim leads Muslim Somalis in a holy war against Christian Ethiopia, destroying churches and shrines

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Religion, Christianity | Religion, Islam
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AAhmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi
Image

1550 African slaves shipped to America
Africans, bought in the Portuguese trading posts of west Africa, are shipped across the Atlantic as slaves

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil
Image

1570 Ashanti kingdom in Ghana
The Ashanti establish a powerful kingdom in present-day Ghana, with their capital at Kumasi

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Region
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_people
Image

1600 Yoruba empire centres on Oyo
The Yoruba develop an extensive empire centred on Oyo in southern Nigeria

  Africa, West Africa, Nigeria
  Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Rooms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language
Image

1609 Moriscos shipped from Spain to Africa
A law is passed expelling the Moriscos from Spain, with the result that some 300,000 are shipped to north Africa

  Africa, North Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Spain
  Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriscos,_Salamanca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Moriscos
Image

1625 Dahomey kingdom founded
Three brothers among the Dahomey people establish a long-lasting kingdom in the Bight of Benin

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ardra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghezo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Dahomey
Image

1638 French trading station in Senegal
The French build a trading station on the estuary of the Senegal river in west Africa

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa
Image

1652 Dutch in South Africa
Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
  south-africa
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony
Image

1657 Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves
The Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves to do domestic and agricultural work

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Slavery
  south-africa
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaners
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1650s_in_South_Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony
Image

1661 British fort on the Gambia
The British establish Fort James on an island in the Gambia river

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_James
Image

1698 Omanis take Zanzibar
A fleet from Oman evicts the Portuguese from Mombasa and Zanzibar

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Jesus
Image

1775 Trekboers move north
Dutch nomads, pressing far north from Cape Town, become known as the Trekboers

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Society, Transport, travel
  south-africa
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekboers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trek
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ATrekboer
Image

1787 Freed slaves in Sierra Leone
A British ship lands a party of freed slaves as the first modern settlers in Sierra Leone, on the west coast of Africa

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Migration | Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown
Image

1795 Mungo Park reaches Niger river
Mungo Park sets off on his first expedition to explore the Niger on behalf of the African Association

  Africa, West Africa, Nigeria
  Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mungo-Park
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Saharan_explorers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Park_Medal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa
Image

1795 British seize Cape Town
With the Dutch entering the war on the side of the French, Britain seizes their valuable Cape colony in South Africa

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
  south-africa
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Netherlands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony
Image

1798 Battle of the Pyramids
Napoleon's campaign in Egypt begins well with the Battle of the Pyramids, a victory over an Egyptian army

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  War, Battles | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria
Image

1798 Battle of the Nile
Disaster strikes the French in Egypt when Nelson finds their fleet in Aboukir Bay and destroys it in the Battle of the Nile

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  War, Battles | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Qir_Bay
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson_Jackson
Image

1799 Rosetta Stone is found
Napoleon's soldiers discover a black basalt slab, the Rosetta Stone, near the village of Rashid in Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Science, Archaeology
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Julien
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bouchard
Image

1799 Napoleon sees his chance
Napoleon abandons his army in Egypt and returns hastily to Paris at a time of great political opportunity

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Europe, West Europe, France
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone
Image

1802 Cape reverts to Dutch rule
The Treaty of Amiens restores the Cape of Good Hope to the Netherlands

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
  south-africa
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony
Image

1803 US warship seized by Barbary pirates
The USS Philadelphia is captured, with its 300 crew, in the first Barbary War between the US and north African pirate states

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  War, Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philadelphia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Philly_1799-250px.jpg
Image

1806 British recapture Cape from Dutch
The British recapture the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo
Image

1808 Sierra Leone in fight against slave trade
The British government uses Freetown, in Sierra Leone, as a base in the fight against the slave trade

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown_Christiania
Image

1809 Hottentot Code at the Cape
The British impose the so-called Hottentot Code, protecting Africans at the Cape but also tying them to employers' farms

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hottentot_Proclamation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hottentot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_from_1806_to_1870
Image

1811 Massacre of guests in Cairo
All but one of 300 Mameluke guests are assassinated during an entertainment by Muhammad Ali in Cairo

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Terrorism, assassination
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukes_of_the_Imperial_Guard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty
Image

1815 Cape is British
The congress of Vienna leaves the Cape of Good Hope in British hands

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Diplomacy
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congress_of_Vienna
Image

1815 Napoleon sent to St Helena
Napoleon is sent to a more secure place of exile, the rocky Atlantic island of St Helena

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_House
Image

1816 Shaka leads the Zulu
Shaka wins control of the Zulu and begins to build them into a formidable military machine

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka_sign
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu
Image

1816 British anti-slavery post at Bathurst
The British establish Bathurst (now Banjul) at the mouth of the Gambia as a base against the slave trade

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjul
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjul_International_Airport
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery
Image

1820 British settlers shipped to Cape
The first big influx of British settlers, numbering some 5000, arrives at Cape Town in South Africa

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_Settlers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ships_of_the_1820_settlers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town_water_crisis
Image

1821 Egyptian base at Khartoum
An Egyptian army makes its camp at Khartoum, subsequently the capital of an Egyptian province in the Sudan

  Africa, East Africa, Sudan
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Sudan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_State
Image

1821 Napoleon dies
Napoleon dies on St Helena, after six years of captivity

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena,_California
Image

1821 African territory for freed US slaves
The American Colonization Society buys the area later known as Liberia to settle freed slaves

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Migration | Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liberia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_societies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Colonization_Society
Image

1822 Hieroglyphs deciphered
Egyptian hieroglyphs are deciphered by French Egyptologist Jean François Champollion, using the Rosetta stone

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt | Europe, West Europe, France
  Science, Archaeology
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion_University_Center_for_Teaching_and_Research
Image

1822 Mzilikazi leads Ndebele west
Mzilikazi, after a quarrel with Shaka, leads the Ndebele people to new territories west of Natal

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Society, Migration
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzilikazi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka_sign
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka
Image

1822 Freed slaves reach Liberia
The first shipload of freed slaves reaches Cape Mesurado (in the region soon called Liberia) from the USA

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Migration | Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Mesurado
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Ayers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society
Image

1827 Fly whisk ends French-Algerian harmony
The Turkish governor of Algiers, flicking at the French consul with his fly whisk, finds that he has provoked a French blockade and eventually invasion

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Dey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers,_New_Orleans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830
Image

1828 Shaka murdered by half-brother Dingaan
Shaka is murdered by his half-brother Dingaan, who becomes leader of the Zulu in his place

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka_sign
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka
Image

1830 French army invades Algeria
A French army invades Algeria, beginning the process which brings the region within the French empire

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team
Image

1832 Iron ship steams to Africa
The paddle steamer Alburkah becomes the first ocean-going iron ship, completing the journey from England to the Niger

  Africa, West Africa, Nigeria
  Society, Transport, travel | Technology, Engineering
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macgregor_Laird
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lander
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Alberca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alburquerque,_Bohol
Image

1832 Delacroix vists north Africa
French painter Eugène Delacroix begins a five-month visit to north Africa, with profound effects on his future art

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Arts, Painting, drawing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Words_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_Algiers
Image

1836 Boers on Great Trek
Hendrik Potgieter sets off with some 200 Boers and their cattle at the start of the Great Trek to the north

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Potgieter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trek
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Trek
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschinghis_Khan
Image

1836 Angolan slave trade ends
The Portuguese ban the shipping of slaves from the coast of Angola

  Africa, South Africa, Other | Europe, South Europe, Portugal
  Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Penitentiary
Image

1836 Boer victory at Vegkop
Hendrik Potgieter and the Boers, protected by a laager at Vegkop, hold off an attack by a large force of Ndebele tribesmen

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Potgieter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vegkop
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_in_South_Africa
Image

1837 Boers massacre Ndebele
After a victory at Vegkop, Boers massacre the inhabitants of a dozen Ndebele villages in secret dawn raids

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vegkop
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Matabele_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people
Image

1837 Retief leads Great Trek
Piet Retief emerges as the new leader of the Great Trek, replacing Potgieter

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trek
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Potgieter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief,_Mpumalanga
Image

1837 Boers drive Ndebele north of Limpopo
Potgieter defeats the Ndebele at the Marico river and drives them north of the Limpopo

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marico_River
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Potgieter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vegkop
Image

1837 Retief strikes bargain with Dingaan
Piet Retief reaches a provisional agreement with Dingaan, the Zulu leader, for a Boer settlement in southern Natal

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Diplomacy
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief_Delegation_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief,_Mpumalanga
Image

1837 Omani empire ruled from Zanzibar
Zanzibar becomes the main place of residence of the sultan of Oman

  Africa, East Africa, Other | Asia, West Asia, Other
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barghash_bin_Said_of_Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan
Image

1838 Retief killed by Dingaan
During a ceremony to celebrate their treaty with Dingaan, Piet Retief and his Boer companions are overpowered and killed

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief_Delegation_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief,_Mpumalanga
Image

1838 Boer families massacred
Dingaan's warriors massacre Boer families in a series of dawn raids near the Bloukrans river

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weenen_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingaan_Thobela
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloukrans_River
Image

1838 Zulu die in thousands at Blood river
The river Ncome becomes known as the Blood River after thousands of Zulu die attacking Andries Pretorius and the Boers

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Pretorius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_River
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow
Image

1839 Holy war proclaimed against French in Algeria
Abd-el-Kader proclaims a holy war against the French in Algeria and begins a military campaign that will last for eight years

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Abdelkader
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria
Image

1839 Pretorius establishes Natalia
Andries Pretorius sets up the Boer republic of Natalia, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Pretorius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Natalia_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietermaritzburg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Lafourcade
Image

1840 Dingaan replaced on throne
With Boer help, Mpande removes his brother Dingaan from the Zulu throne and takes his place

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpande
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingaan_Thobela
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maqongqo
Image

1840 Mohammed Ali rules
Muhammad Ali, officially viceroy for the Turkish sultan, establishes his own ruling dynasty on the throne of Egypt

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Crisis_of_1840
Image

1841 British campaign against slave trade in west Africa
Britain sends four naval ships up the river Niger to make anti-slavery treaties with local kings

  Africa, West Africa, Nigeria
  Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_expedition_of_1841
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery
Image

1843 Natal declared British protectorate
The British take control of the existing Boer republic and proclaim Natal a British protectorate

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Natal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1843_in_the_United_Kingdom
Image

1847 Pretorius leads Boers out of Natal
Pretorius leads the last Boer families out of Natal and over the Drakensberg to the high veld

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakensberg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Pretorius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boomplaats
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Drakensberg
Image

1847 Liberia becomes independent
Liberia wins independence and international recognition as a republic

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Diplomacy | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_Declaration_of_Independence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liberia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia,_Costa_Rica
Image

1848 Orange River Sovereignty claimed for Britain
Harry Smith annexes for Britain the land between the Orange and Vaal rivers, calling it the Orange River Sovereignty

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River_Sovereignty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith,_1st_Baronet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River_Convention
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Free_State
Image

1850 British buy out Danes on Gold Coast
The British government buys the Danish fortresses on the Gold Coast, including Christiansborg castle in Accra

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Gold_Coast
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu_Castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace
Image

1853 Livingstone slogs west from Zambezi
David Livingstone makes a heroic six-month journey from the Zambezi river to the west coast of Africa

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Moffat_Livingstone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone_Smith
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley
Image

1854 Orange Free State
The Boers establish the Orange Free State as an independent republic, with its own custom-built constitution

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Free_State
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River_Sovereignty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_Republics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_President_of_the_Orange_Free_State
Image

1854 Quinine proves effective against malaria
William Baikie, on an expedition up the Niger, protects his men from malaria by administering quinine

  Africa, West Africa, Nigeria
  Science, Medicine
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Balfour_Baikie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beecroft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_Library_and_Archive
Image

1854 De Lesseps wins canal contract
Ferdinand de Lesseps is granted the concession to construct a canal from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Technology, Engineering
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_de_Lesseps
Image

1855 Theodore II in Ethiopia
An Ethiopian baron usurps the throne and proclaims himself emperor, as Theodore II

  Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewodros_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_II
Image

1857 South African Republic
The Boers of the southern Transvaal declare independence as the South African Republic

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Maryland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_in_South_Africa
Image

1861 Lagos a British colony
Lagos, on the coast of Nigeria, is annexed as a British colony when the royal family prove unable or unwilling to end the slave trade

  Africa, West Africa, Nigeria
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State
Image

1862 Amazons go to war in Dahomey
Richard Burton, visiting Dahomey, provides reports of the kingdom's celebrated Amazons preparing for war

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Society, Transport, travel | War, Other
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton_bibliography
Image

1862 Speke and Grant reach Ripon Falls
Speke and Grant find the Ripon Falls, over which the headwater of the Nile flows from Lake Tanganyika

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_Falls
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Augustus_Grant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AJohn_Hanning_Speke
Image

1868 Britain annexes Basutoland
Britain annexes Basutoland (now Lesotho), the kingdom of the Sotho leader Moshoeshoe

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basutoland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshoeshoe_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State%E2%80%93Basotho_Wars
Image

1869 European powers control Tunisian finances
Britain, France and Italy take joint control of the finances of a bankrupt Tunisia

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Control
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tunisia_under_French_rule
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia
Image

1869 Stanley to find Livingstone
The proprietor of the New York Herald gives Henry Morton Stanley a very concise commission – 'Find Livingstone'

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Society, Journalism | Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone_Smith
Image

1869 Southern Sudan made Egyptian province
British explorer Samuel Baker annexes the southern Sudan, or Equatoria, on behalf of the khedive of Egypt

  Africa, East Africa, Sudan
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Baker
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatoria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalega_of_Bunyoro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Equatoria
Image

1869 Suez Canal opens
Thousands of distinguished guests assemble at Port Said for the opening of the Suez Canal

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Society, Other | Technology, Engineering
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Route
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Suez_Canal_obstruction
Image

1871 Philosopher leads Cairo campaign
The Afghan philosopher Jamal al-Din, moving to Cairo, urges drastic and violent measures against western influence

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Protest, revolution
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism
Image

1871 Cecil Rhodes in Kimberley
18-year-old English entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes, on a temporary visit to South Africa, arrives in the new diamond town of Kimberley

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hole
Image

1871 Verdi goes Egyptian
Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida, is commissioned for the Cairo opera house, part of the process of Egypt becoming westernized

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Performing arts, Opera
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi_Monument
Image

1872 Cetshwayo is king
Cetshwayo becomes king of Zululand, on the death of his father Mpande

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Dynasties, royalty, popes
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpande
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetshwayo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinuzulu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zulu_kings
Image

1873 Slave trade ends in Zanzibar
The British consul in Zanzibar persuades the sultan to end the island's notorious slave trade

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
Image

1874 Gold Coast a British colony
The southern region of present-day Ghana becomes a British colony, to be known as the Gold Coast

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Airport
Image

1874 Stanley to complete Livingstone's travels
Stanley sets off from Bagamoyo, intending to resume the exploration of central Africa where Livingstone left off

  Africa, Central Africa, Congo, Dem. Republic
  Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_first_trans-Africa_exploration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagamoyo
Image

1876 Stanley surpasses Livingstone
Stanley passes Nyangwe on the Lualaba, the furthest point down the Congo river system reached by Livingstone

  Africa, Central Africa, Congo, Dem. Republic
  Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyangwe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_first_trans-Africa_exploration
Image

1876 Scottish missionaries establish Blantyre
Scottish missionaries establish Blantyre (named after Livingstone's birthplace) as a centre from which to fight slavery

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Society, Slavery
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blantyre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Central_Africa_Presbyterian_%E2%80%93_Blantyre_Synod
Image

1877 Britain annexes Transvaal
Britain annexes the Boer republic in the Transvaal

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Boer_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War
Image

1877 Stanley reaches Atlantic coast
Stanley completes his exploration of the Congo, reaching the Atlantic coast at Boma after a three-year journey

  Africa, Central Africa, Congo, Dem. Republic
  Society, Transport, travel
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_first_trans-Africa_exploration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalulu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
Image

1879 British launch Zulu War
The British find a pretext to march into the territory ruled by Cetshwayo, thus launching the Zulu War

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetshwayo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinuzulu
Image

1879 British disaster at Isandhlwana
Zulu tribesmen surprise and annihilate a British army encamped near Isandhlwana

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isandlwana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Isandhlwana_and_Rorke%27s_Drift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isandhlwana.jpg
Image

1879 British survive at Rorke's Drift
Immediately after Isandhlwana a tiny British garrison at Rorke's Drift fights off an overwhelming Zulu attack

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke%27s_Drift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bourne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defence_of_Rorke%27s_Drift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zulu_War_Victoria_Cross_recipients
Image

1879 British traders unite to control Niger
George Goldie and British traders on the Niger form the United African Company (later the Royal Niger Company) to consolidate their interests

  Africa, West Africa, Nigeria
  Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Taubman_Goldie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company%27s_Medal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagz_Nation_Vol._2:_Royal_Niger_Company
Image

1879 Cetshwayo defeated
The British destruction of Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi ends the Zulu War

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetshwayo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Sihayo%27s_Kraal
Image

1880 Brazza ahead of Stanley
French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza forestalls Stanley in opening up the Congo, reaching Stanley Pool ahead of him

  Africa, Central Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_Malebo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalulu
Image

1881 Boer victory at Majuba
The Boers inflict a convincing defeat on a British army at Majuba, in the Transvaal

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  War, Battles | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuba_Day
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melton_Prior_-_Illustrated_London_News_-_The_Transvaal_War_-_General_Sir_George_Colley_at_the_Battle_of_Majuba_Mountain_Just_Before_He_Was_Killed.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Boer_War
Image

1881 French coup in Tunisia
France invades Tunisia from Algeria, and in the Treaty of Bardo forces the bey of Tunis to accept the status of a French protectorate

  Africa, North Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Politics, Government, states
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bardo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria
Image

1881 Brazza has north bank of Congo
Stanley finds Brazza's French tricolor already flying on the north bank of the Congo, on the site of what later becomes Brazzaville

  Africa, Central Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kinshasa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville
Image

1882 Stanley has south bank of Congo
Stanley establishes a foothold for Leopold II on the southern bank of the Congo, at a site which he names Leopoldville (now Kinshasa)

  Africa, Central Africa, Congo, Dem. Republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | Society, Commerce, industry
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldville
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kinshasa
Image

1882 British invade Egypt
Anti-western riots in Alexandria result in many deaths and provoke a British invasion

  Africa, North Africa, Egypt
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Alexandria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBUrabi_revolt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrian_riots
Image

1883 French marines in Madagascar
French marines land at Tamatave in Madagascar to protect French interests and assert French control

  Africa, South Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toamasina
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Hova_Wars
Image

1883 Mahdi victorious in Sudan
Mohammed Ahmed, proclaiming himself the Mahdi, defeats three Egyptian armies in the Sudan

  Africa, East Africa, Sudan
  Politics, Conquest, colonization | War, Wars
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shaykan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_State
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War
Image

1884 Gordon marches to protect Khartoum
General Gordon marches south to protect Khartoum from the advancing forces of the Mahdi

  Africa, East Africa, Sudan
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad
Image

1884 Transvaal republic independent again
The Boer republic in the Transvaal regains its independence from Britain

  Africa, South Africa, South Africa, republic
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal_Colony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Boer_War
Image

1884 Togo claimed as German colony
Gustav Nachtigal arrives in Togo and persuades local chiefs to accept the protection of the German emperor

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Nachtigal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togoland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustav_Nachtigal_01.jpg
Image

1884 Cameroon claimed as German colony
Gustav Nachtigal, moving on to Cameroon, annexes this region too for the new German empire

  Africa, West Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Nachtigal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team
Image

1884 Peters in east Africa for German empire
Karl Peters hurries round east Africa persuading chiefs to accept the German emperor as their protector

  Africa, East Africa, Other
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Peters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_E._Peters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_German_Colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa_Company
Image

1884 Wolseley heads south to relieve Khartoum
British general Garnet Wolseley sails from London on a mission to rescue Gordon, trapped by the Mahdi in Khartoum

  Africa, East Africa, Sudan
  Politics, Conquest, colonization
Historyworld context
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Expedition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley
Image

1884 Spain colonizes Western Sahara
Spain begins to coloni